Лекции по английскому (полный курс)

p> VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

I WANT YOU TO DO IT

( Я ХОЧУ, ЧТОБЫ ВЫ СДЕЛАЛИ ЭТО)
I want you to be happy.
He wants me to go to the bank.
She wants him to pay the bill.
We also use the structure Verb+ somebody + to … with: advise, expect, ask, tell, force, invite, warn, mean, allow, forbid, need, order, persuade, help, cause, remind, leave, teach, would like.

Present progressive Tense.

We use the present progressive to talk about things which are happening now.
Positive and Negative.
|I |am | | | |
|He | | | | |
|She |is | |гл+ing | |
|It | |(not) |writing |now. |
|We | | | | |
|You |are | | | |
|They | | | | |

Question.
| |am |I | |
| | |he | |
| |is |she |гл + ing |
|What | |it |doing? |
| | |we | |
| |are |you | |
| | |they | |

Spelling.
Go + ing = going type + ing = typing talk + ing = talking write + ing = writing

short vowel + one consonant but long vowel + on consonant begin + n + ing = beginning read + ing = reading get + t + ing = getting feel + ing = feeling

1. Что происходит в данный момент. Напишите правильные предложения.
1 (I / wash / my hair) ...I'm not washing my hair.
2 (it / snow) .....It is snowing.
3 (1/sit/on a chair)
4 (I/eat)
5 (it / rain)
6 (I / learn / English)
7 (I / listen / to the radio)
8 (the sun / shine)
9 (I / wear/ shoes)
10 (I / smoke / a cigarette)
11 (I/ read / a newspaper)

2. Напишите вопрос 'What... doing?' .
1 (he) ...What is he doing ? 3 (I) ?
2 (they) What doing? 4 (your wife) ?

3. Напишите вопрос 'Where ... going?'.
1 (we) ...Where are we going ?
2 (those children) ?
3 (the girl with long hair) ?
4 (the man on the bicycle) ?

4. Напишите утвердительные или отрицательные ответы (Yes, I am / No, it isn't etc.).
1 Are you watching TV? ..No, I'm not.
2 Are you wearing shoes?
3 Are you wearing a hat?
4 Is it raining?
5 Are you eating something? ..........................................
6 Are you feeling well? ..................................................
7 Is the sun shining?
.......................................................
8 Is your mother watching you? ......................................

Тема 6

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES

( Степени сравнения прилагательных)
1. Short adjectives (1syllable) (однослоговые прилагательные) adjective comparative superlative

(сравнительная степень) (превосходная степень) cheap +er = cheaper +est = cheapest young +er = younger +est = youngest short +er = shorter +est
= shortest wide +er = wider +est = widest small +er =smaller +est = smallest

2. Short adjective ending in one vowel + one consonant
(правила правописания) big +g +er = bigger +g +est = biggest fat +t +er = fatter +t +est
= fattest slim +m+er = slimmer +m +est = slimmest hot +t +er = hotter +t +est = hottest thin +n +er = thinner +n +est = thinnest

3. Adjectives ending in er, ow, etc (2 syllables) (двуслоговые прилагательные)

clever +er = cleverer +est = cleverest narrow +er = narrower +est = narrowest shallow +er = swallower +est = swallowest

4. Adjectives ending in y (2 syllables)

easy +ier = easier +iest
= easiest heavy +ier = heavier +iest = heaviest early +ier = earlier +iest
= earliest funny +ier = funnier +iest
= funniest happy +ier = happier +iest = happiest

5. Adjectives ending on ous, ing, ful, ed ( 2 syllables) and long adjectives (3/4 syllables) boring more boring most boring famous more famous most famous modern more modern most modern polite more polite most polite tired more tired most tired expensive more expensive most expensive comfortable more comfortable most comfortable

6. Irregular adjectives

good better best bad worse worst far further furthest much/many more most little less least

7. As … as, not as/so … as

He is as rich as his brother.
I’m as clever as my uncle.
Mary is not as/so nice as her sister.

Is the weather not so hot as this in New York?

8. The … the …

The more we learn, the more we know. – Чем Больше мы учим, тем больше мы знаем.

The sooner, the better. –Чем раньше, тем лучше.

9. Older than more expensive than
He is two years older than his brother.
My car is more expensive than his.
10. It’s twice/three times/four times as long/light/heavy/high as
The road is twice as long as that one.
Some useful idioms of comparison:
As good as gold (золото) As old as the hills (холмы)
As busy as bee (пчела) As cold as ice (лед)
As changeable as weather (изменчив как погода)

Тема 7

PAST SIMPLE (Прошедшее неопределенное время)

We use the past tense to tell stories about the past. We also use it when the time when something happened is important (выражает фиксированные действия в прошлом).

Время Past Indefinite служит:
1. Для выражения действия, совершившегося или совершавшегося в прошлом, при изложении прошедших событий. Past indefinite переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида, в зависимости от смысла предложения. Время совершения действия может быть выражено придаточным предложением или не указываться, а подразумеваться. Для выражения прошедшего действия в Past Indefinite могут употребляться такие обозначения времени, как yesterday вчера, last week на прошлой неделе, an hour ago час тому назад, the other day на днях, on Monday в понедельник, in 1998 в 1998 году, during the lesson во время урока и т.п.

I spoke to him the other day. Я говорил с ним на днях.

Не came at five o'clock. Он пришел в пять часов.

Не called when I was Он заходил, когда я был в
Институте. at the Institute.
2. Для выражения ряда последовательно происходивших событий:

Не !eft the hotel, took a taxi Он вышел из отеля, взял такси and drove to the theatre, и поехал в театр.

When I arrived at the railway Когда я приехал на вокзал, station, I went to the booking- я пошел в кассу и office and bought a ticket, купил билет.
3. Для выражения обычного, повторявшегося в прошлом, действия:

Last winter I spent a lot of time Прошлой зимой я проводил много in the library, времени в читальном зале.

В этом случае вместо глагола в Past Indefinite очень часто употребляется глагол used [ju:sd] в сочетании со смысловым глаголом в форме инфинитива с частицей to:

Last winter I used to spend a lot of time in the library.

Образование Past Indefinite Tense

1. Утвердительная форма Past Indefinite Tense правильных глаголов образуется от инфинитива (без частицы to) путем прибавления во всех лицах окончания -ed : to live - I lived; to work - I worked; to expect - I expected.

Окончание -ed произносится как [d], [t] или [id] в зависимости от предшествующего звука: а) после звонких согласных, (кроме d) и гласных как [d]: lived [livd] informed [i'nfo:md] answered ['a:nsad] followed [foloud] b) после глухих согласных (кроме t) как [t]: helped [helpt], asked [a:skt], finished [fmifl] c) после d и t как [id]: waited [weitid], intended [intendid], wanted [wantid]

Past Indefinite неправильных глаголов образуется иными способами в основном путем изменения корня: to speak - I spoke [spouk], to begin - I began ; to sell - I sold [sould]; to lose - I lost [lost].

2.Вопросительная форма Past Indefinite Tense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в прошедшем времени (did) и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола (без частицы to), причем вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:
Did I work? Did I speak?
Did he work? Did he speak?

3. Отрицательная форма Past Indefinite Tense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в прошедшем времени (did), частицы not и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола, причем not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:
I did not work. I did not speak.
He did not work. He did not speak.

4. В вопросительно-отрицательной форме Past Indefinite Tense частица not ставится непосредственно после подлежащего:

Did I not work? Did you not work? Did he not work?

Regular verbs (Правильные Irregular verbs (Неправильные

глаголы) глаголы)

work+ed=worked be – was,were type+d=typed do - did stop+p+ed=stopped have - had stay+ed=stayed can - could clean+ed=cleaned go - went live+d=lived write - wrote like+d=liked get - got start+ed=started, etc. sell – sold, etc.

Positive (положительная форма)

I/you/he/she/we/they worked in London in 1995.
I/you/he/she/we/they went to London in 1995.

Negative (отрицательная форма)

We use didn’t + infinitive (without to) in all persons.
I/you/he/she/we/they didn’t work in London in 1995.
I/you/he/she/we/they didn’t go to London in 1995.

Yes/No questions
Short answers

(Вопросы с предположительным (Краткие ответы) ответом “Yes”, “No”)
Did I/you/he/she/we/they work in London in 1995? Yes, I did./No I didn’t.
Did I/you/he/she/we/they go to London in 1995? Yes, we did./No, we didn’t.

Special questions (специальные вопросы, начинающиеся с вопросительных слов
“when”, “why”, “where”, “how “ etc.)

When did I/you/he/she/we/they work in London? I worked in London in 1995.
Where did I/you/he/she/we/they go in 1995? I went to London in 1995.

Time expressions

night weekend

Saturday morning last week yesterday afternoon month evening year summer

In 1987, in May, two days ago, from … till, all day long, the whole day

Упражнения на закрепление:

1.. Поставьте глагол в прошедшее время. a. Yesterday he (go) to work by car. b. I (watch) television yesterday evening. c. He (write) a letter to Jane last week. d. The accident (happen) last Sunday afternoon. e. When I was a child, I (want) to be a judge. f. We (leave) home at 8.30 this morning. g. They (do) their shopping last Monday. h. Ann (take) photographs last Sunday.

2. Завершите предложения, поставив глагол в отрицательную форму.
Пример: I saw John but I didn’t see Mary.

a. They worked on Monday but they … on Tuesday. b. We went to the shop but we … to the bank. c. She had e pen but she … a paper. d. Jack did Spanish at University but he … English. e. I sent a letter to tom but I … to Mike. f. She went to the post office but she … to the hospital. g. I spoke English when I was a child but I … French. h. I ate meat yesterday but I … fish. i. He read a newspaper yesterday evening but he … a magazine.

3. Образуйте общий вопрос.
Пример:. I watched TV last night. And you? Did you watch TV last night?

a. I enjoyed the party. And you? …. b. I had a good holiday. And you? …. c. I got up early this morning. And you? …. d. I slept well last night. And you? …. e. I worked hard yesterday. And you? …. f. I went to bed at eleven o’clock yesterday. And you? …. g. I saw Tom at the party. And you? …. h. I sent three telegrams yesterday. And you? …. i. I passed the exam yesterday. And you? ….

4. Скажите, что вы делали (не делали) вчера.
Пример: (watch TV) I watched TV yesterday. I didn’t watch TV yesterday.

a. (get up before 7.30) b. (have a shower) c. (buy magazine) d. (speak English) e. (do an examination) f. (eat meat) g. (meet my friend)

5.Образуйте специальный вопрос.
Пример: He went abroad . Where did he go?

a. I met somebody. Who … ? b. Henry arrived. What time …? c. She saw somebody. Who …? d. They wanted something. What … ? e. The party finished. What time …? f. He went home early. Why …? g. We had dinner. What …? h. It cost a lot of money. How much …?

6. Разыграйте следующие и составьте аналогичныe диалоги.

6. Where were you yesterday morning?

7. I discussed a lot of problems with my manager. And you?

8. I saw many interesting things yesterday.

9. Did you buy any postcards?

10. Paul had an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown.

11. No, he didn’t have an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown. He had an appointment with Mr. White.

12.
7. Расскажите о вчерашнем дне, предварительно ответив на вопросы:

a. What did you have for breakfast yesterday? b. Did you enjoy your breakfast? c. What did you do after breakfast? d…Did you go to work?

8. Образуйте вопрос и ответьте на него.
Пример: When did you last have a holiday? - Last July.

a. see a video b. go shopping c. give someone a present d. take a photograph e. send a letter f. see a friend g. have a dinner at a restaurant h. lose something i. go abroad j. stay away from classes k. tell a lie l. discuss a difficult problem with you friend m. buy a coat n. get up late in the morning o. be late to work p. make a phone call q. pay a bill r. cash a cheque

9.. Скажите три вещи, которые вы могли делать в пять лет.
Пример: I could ride a bike when I was five.

10. Скажите три вещи, которые вы не могли делать в пять лет.
Пример: I couldn’t use a computer when I was five.

Present Perfect

(Настоящее завершенное время)

We use the present perfect tense for an action in the past with a result now (выражает действие, завершенное к данному моменту, результат которого налицо).
We use the present perfect with ever, never, already, just yet, recently, for since, etc.
Форма образования have/has + past participle of the verb
Positive (положительная форма)
I/we/you/they have done/finished

He/she/it has done/finished

Negative (отрицательная форма)

I/we/you/they have not (haven’t) done/finished
He/she/it has not (hasn’t) done/finished
Question (вопрос)
Have I/we/you/they done/finished?

Has he/she/it done/finished?

Examples:
I have just done my work.
I haven’t done my work yet.
He has travelled all over the world.
They have already come home.

Irregulars (неправильные глаголы)

Base form Past Simple Past participle
Be was/were been
Become became become
Begin began begun
Build built built
Can could been able
Come came come
Cost cost cost
Do did done
Get got got
Go went gone
Have had had
Know knew known
Learn learnt learnt
Make made made
Read read read
Say said said
Take took taken
Write wrote written

HAVE GOT/ HAVE

Have got = Have (в значении “иметь”, “обладать”).
Форма “have got” чаще употребляется в разговорной речи. Форма “have got “ в прошедшем времени не употребляется.
I’ve got a bad cold. но
I had a bad cold last week.

have got have

Positive Positive

I have got some money I have some money
You have got some money You have some money
We have got some money We have some money
They have got some money They have some money

He has got some money He has some money
She has got some money She has some money
It has got some money It has some money

Negative Negative

I haven’t got any money I don’t have any money
You haven’t got any money You don’t have any money
We haven’t got any money We don’t have any money
They haven’t got any money They don’t have any money
He hasn’t got any money He doesn’t have any money
She hasn’t got any money She doesn’t have any money
It hasn’t got any money It doesn’t have any money

Questions Questions
Have I got any money? Do I have any money?
Have you got any money? Do you have any money?

Have we got any money? Do we have any money?

Have they got any money? Do they have any money?
Has he got any money? Does he have any money?
Has she got any money? Does she have any money?
Has it got any money? Does it have any money?

How much money have you got? How much money do you have?
How many credit cards have I got? How many credit cards do I have?

Short answers Short answers

Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t. Yes, I do./ No I don’t.
Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t. Yes, she does./ No, she doesn’t.

Тема 8

Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense

(Прошедшее продолженное время)

Настоящее Продолженное Время употребляется для обозначения действия, которое продолжалось какое-то время в прошлом в момент другого действия, выраженного, как правило, в прошедшем простом времени.
Образуется прошедшее продолженное время при помощи вспомогательного глагола
“ to be” в прошедшем времени и “ing” формы смыслового глагола.

Сравните:

Настоящее продолженное Прошедшее продолженное

He is sleeping now. He was sleeping when I came.
Он спит сейчас. Он спал, когда я пришел.

I am reading now. I was reading when he phoned.
Я читаю сейчас. Я читал, когда он позвонил.

They are having dinner now. They were having dinner at 7 last night. Они обедают сейчас.
Они обедали в 7 часов вечера вчера.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола “was” (“were”).
Например:
He was watching TV when she came.
Was he watching TV when she came?
He was not watching TV when she came.
What was he doing when she came?
What was he watching when she came?

Упражнения на закрепление.

1. Задайте вопросы по образцу:

Steve usually cleans his suit on Saturdays.

(when Jeff phoned)

Was Steve cleaning his suit when Jeff phoned?
1. Ann usually cooks dinner at 7 o’clock. (when Peter phoned)
2. Jill usually goes to the library every evening. ( when we saw her)
3. Liz plays the violin every day.( when mother came home)
4. Mr Brown reads his newspaper after supper. (when the telephone rang)
5. She usually does her homework in the afternoon. ( when Ann opened the door)
6. Jane sometimes drinks coffee with Mike. ( when her husband saw them)

2. Переведите диалог и обратите внимание на использование настоящего продолженного времени.

Thomas is a student. He's staying with the Taylors, an English family.

Thomas: Hello, Mrs Taylor. Can you help me? I'm doing my homework and I can't understand this word.

Mrs Taytor: Which one? Oh... that’s difficult. I can't help you now.... I'm watching something...

Thomas: Oh? What are you watching?

Mrs Taylor: I'm watching a cowboy film.

Thomas: Can Mr Taylor help me?

Mrs Taylor: No, he can't now, Thomas. He's reading.

Thomas: What's he reading?

Mrs Taytor: He's reading a magazine.

Thomas: What about Kate?

Mrs Taylor: Oh, she can't help you now... she's phoning someone.

Thomas: Oh? Who's she phoning?

Mrs Taylor: She's phoning her boyfriend... you're asking a lot of questions tonight, Thomas!

Thomas: Am I?... Well,

I am practicing my English!

Напишите, что делали все члены семьи Тейлор в то время, когда Томас просил ему помочь.( Переделайте настоящее продолженное время в прошедшее продолженное.)

Например: When Thomas asked Mrs Taylor to help him, she was watching a cowboy film.

3. Используя образец, напишите 7 вопросов и ответьте на них .

What are Jill and John doing?- They are playing tennis.

1. Mr Smith/his car

2. Mary/a letter

3. Mr and Mrs Jones/television

4. Bob/a letter

5. Arthur and Mike/ a box

6. Mrs Brown/the dishes

7. Tony/beer

drinking watching carrying writing typing cleaning washing

Предлоги.
Времени. at
8 o’clock
10.30 midnight etc.
I start work at 8 o’clock.
The shops close at 5.30 p.m. on
Sunday(s)
25 April
New year’s Day
Goodbye! See you on Friday.
I don’t work on Sundays.
The concert is on 22 November.
- In
April / June
1985 / 1750
(the) summer / spring
I’m going on holiday in October.
Jill left school in 1995.
The garden is lovely in spring | also at the weekend at night at Christmas /Easter at the end of ... at the moment in the morning in the afternoon in the evening but on Monday morning on Friday evening, etc.
Are you going away at the weekend?
I can’t sleep at night.
In Britain children get presents at Christmas.
I’m going on holiday at the end of October.
Are you busy at the moment?
I always feel good in the morning.
Do you often go out in the evening?
I’m meeting Jill on Monday morning.
Are you doing anything on Friday? | in five minutes / in a few days / in six weeks / in two years etc.
- Hurry! The train leaves in five minutes.
- Goodbye. I’ll see you in a few days.

at on in We do not use at/ on / in before: this ... (this morning / this week...) every ...( every day / every week...) last ... (last August / last week ...) next ... ( next Monday / next week ...)
- They’re going on holiday next Monday.
- Last summer we went to Scotland.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE ( Прошедшее законченное время)

The Past Perfect Tense( Прошедшее законченное время) употребляется для выражения прошедшего действия, которое произошло до другого действия в прошлом или которое закончилось в прошлом к определенному моменту.
Например:
I had already had dinner when they arrived.
Я уже пообедал, когда они прибыли.
He had finished his work by 2 o’clock yesterday.
Он уже закончил работу к 2 часам вчера.
Образуется Прошедшее законченное время при помощи прошедшей формы вспомогательного глагола “to have “ и причастия 2 ( третьей формы) cмыслового глагола.
Вопросительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола “had”:
Had she taken that bag before you asked her?
Had they done the shopping by 3 p.m. yesterday?
Why had she told him everything before his wife saw them?
Отрицательная форма Прошедшего законченного времени образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы “not”, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола “ had”:
The post had not arrived when she went downstairs.

Упражнения.
1. Перепишите предложения в прошедшем законченном времени, сделав все необходимые изменения:
1. I am not hungry. I have already had dinner.
2. He is not tired. He has already had a sleep.
3. She is not busy. She has already done her homework.
4. She doesn’t take the umbrella. The rain has already stopped.
5. They are not in a hurry. The train has already left.
6. We do not have to take a taxi. The car has already come.
2. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Когда я попросил Аню напечатать письмо, она сказала , что она его уже отпечатала.
2. Она сказала мне свое имя после того, как он ушел.
3. Когда они прибыли, спектакль уже начался.
4. Он уже изучал экономику до того, как уехал из Англии.
5. Он поблагодарил меня за то, что я для него сделал.
6. Когда они пришли на станцию, поезд уже отошел.
7. Она не узнала его, потому что никогда не видела его раньше

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