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| Методические указания по английскому языкуМетодические указания по английскому языкуПояснения к выполнению контрольных работ. 1. Количество контрольных работ, выполняемых на каждом курсе, устанавливается учебным планом университета. (четные или нечетные). | |Левая страница |Правая страница | | 5. Контрольные работы должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в которой они даны в настоящем пособии. Подготовка к зачетам и экзамену. 1. Прочитать необходимые текстовые материалы и понять основной смысл прочитанного. 3. Просмотреть перечень необходимых вопросов для собеседования по разговорной тематике. 4. Просмотреть газетный материал на английском языке, пользуясь словарем. 5. Прочитать и понять, с помощью словаря, тесты по специальности. I. Варианты контрольных работ Вариант 1 1. Переведите текст: Cosmic Flight. We live in a wonderful age when the most daring dreams of man are coming
true. For many centuries cosmic flights were but a dream. October 4, 1957
became a remarkable day throughout the world. The first space satellite was
put into orbit around the Earth. Tsiolkovsky's "utopian" dream has been
realized. Each cosmic flight on a manned spaceship is really a great event. of weightlessness, radiation. 5. Переведите предложение: 6. Выбрать правильный вариант: a) remarkable b) daring c) wonderful 7. Выбрать правильный вариант: a) satellite b) spaceship c) flight 8. Закончить предложение: 9. Закончить предложение: 12. Ответить на вопросы: 1. When was the first space satellite launched? 3. Who was the first cosmonaut in the world? Вариант 2 1. Переведите текст: "Ulugbek" The great scientists of Central Asia were not only outstanding
thinkers, who confirmed to the world faultless of their ideas on
understanding the Universe. Central Asia also had some of the remarkable
astronomers, who made careful observations under natural phenomena. Among Вариант 3 1. Переведите текст: The Electric Current When a conductor joins two points of different potential, electricity flows
from one to the other along the conductors until the potentials are equal. Вариант 4 1. Переведите текст: Faraday's Experiment Faraday knew from his long study of electricity that magnetism should be
able to produce a current, as well as vice versa. In spite of his various
failures, the idea of producing a current directly by magnetic action
remained firm in his thoughts. One of his friends said later how at this
period of his long life Faraday used to carry about with him in his pocket
a small rough model of electro-magnetic apparatus. This consisted simply of
an inch-long straight iron core with some turns of copper wire wound round
it. The basic idea he had in mind was this: if an electric current in a
wire can produce a magnetic effect, why should not a magnet near a
conducting wire produce an electric current? Вариант 5
The Discovery of Magnetic Induction. Вариант 6 Generating an Electric Current Alessandro Volta, a professor of physics, established the true source of
the electric current. He demonstrated that it could be produced by the
action of dissimilar metals. In 1800 he developed the first electric
battery, a device known as a voltaic pile. Although he tried a number of
different materials he found that the best results were obtained when he
used silver and zinc as the two metals. The pile consisted of a series of
small disks of these and of cardboard, the latter having been soaked in a
salt solution. II. Тексты для чтения и перевода. Read and translate the texts: Uzbekistan Chooses Its Way. The proclamation of Independence on September 1-st 1991 was landmark in the history of the Republic. Uzbekistan is a multi-national country inhabited by more than 130 nations and nationalities. Uzbekistan's present day economy is diversified consisting of
agricultural and manufacturing industries including the gas and oil
industries, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, coal and uranium fields,
engineering, cotton-ginning, textiles, canning and others. Uzbekistan
possesses the largest economic potential and highest growth figures amongst
the republics of Central Asia in both industrial and agricultural
development. An important place in the Republic of Uzbekistan's economy is
given to the rural sectors and especially the cotton growing industry. Tashkent. The early information about our city you can find in ancient Eastern
annals of the 2 century- BC. Caravans going by the Great Silk Road passed At the end of the 10-th and the beginning of the 12-th century people more often called Chach by another name - Tashkent, which means "Settlement made of stone". The monuments of medieval architecture harmonize with the modern architectural constructions. This combination differentiates Tashkent from many other cities. So does the hospitality, cordiality of Uzbek people. Tashkent always welcomes guests. International meetings, symposiums, conferences, festivals are held here. The city has many friends-sister cities; Karachi, Seattle, Tunis, Patiala, Birmingham. That's why Tashkent is considered to be "the city of friendship and brotherhood". Today Tashkent - is the, capital of Uzbekistan, cultural center of the
country. There are 9 theatres, Conservatory, museums, such as Art Museum, Opera and Ballet theatre named after Navoi looks like the palace from the outside. The palace where music reigns. Plays are on here almost every evening. And during a year the theatre presents 2-3 premiers at spectators' disposal. The building was constructed in 1947. The figures of Uzbek traditional monumental architecture are used in the facade decoration. Exhibits in the exhibition hall of Uzbekistan Artists Union change continually. Light, roomy halls are put not only at famous artists disposal, but that of youths as well. There is an exhibition hall in the centre of the city. It was opened in 1974. While making a city tour in Tashkent, you cannot help paying attention
at the peculiarities of modern buildings. Each of them is the part of the
national culture. The facades of buildings are decorated with the elements
of national ornament. Architects try to take into account the national
traditions. For example, one of the blocks was built in a way neighbours
can easily contact with each other, using special galleries. Builders
create modern blocks trying to be close to the feel of makhalla Tashkent is the only city in Central Asia, which has underground. The
construction of it started in 1973 and in 1977 the first line began to
operate. Tashkent Underground - it is 30 stations and they differ from each
other. Architectural and artistic decoration of station depicts its name. Great Britain. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland- this is the
official name of Great Britain. It is composed of the island of Great The Atlantic Ocean and the seas washing Great Britain as well as the south western winds affect the climate of the country making it maritime and damp. The North and West of G. B. are mountainous. The Pennines located in the central part of the island of G. B. stretch from north to south. Many short rivers flow down the Pennines. Northern Ireland presents a hilly extremity of the Central Plain. The United Kingdom comprises England and Wales, which occupy the
greater part of the island of G. B., Scotland in the North of G. B., and The principal part of G. B. is England. Northern Ireland enjoys the rights 0f an autonomous region. The territory of G. B. is divided into counties - Lancashire, Yorkshire, etc. The English nation arose as a result of the amalgamation of the native
population of the British Isles-Celts with the Germanic tribes of angles
and Saxons who repeatedly invaded Britain, and with the Normans who lived
in the North of France and conguered Britain in the middle of the 11-th
century. The present descendants of the Celts - Scotchmen, Welsmen and The population of G. B. speaks English. G. B. is a country of highly developed culture. The eminent physicist G. B. is a highly developed industrial country. Coal-mining, metallurgical, textile, shipbuilding, electrical engineering, automobile, aircraft and chemical industries are of great importance for Britain. G. B. - is a constitutional monarchy. The head of the state is the
king or the queen who ascend the throne by right of succession. The The monarch's power is limited by the Parliament consisting of two The Chamber of Commons is popularly elected and the Chamber of Lords is composed of high-born nobility who hold their title by right of succession. The executive power is welded by the Cabinet presided by the Prime There are two major parties in G. B. - the Conservative and the The National Programme Of Personnel Training. The National Programme of Personnel Training corresponds to provisions of the Decree of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Education”, elaborated on the basis of the analysis of national experience, proceeding from the world achievements in the system of education and oriented on molding of new staff generation with high common and professional culture, creative and social activity, ability to orientate itself independently in socio- political life, capable to put forward and solve perspective tasks. The aim of the present programme is the fundamental reforming of education system, elaboration of the national education system for training of highly qualified personnel up to the level advance democratic states and meeting the requirements of high spirit and morals. The implementation of the aim demands the development of mutually beneficial international collaboration in personnel training. The international legal base for cooperation in for personnel training
is created, prior directions of international cooperation are being
realized, international education structures are developed, exchange of
scientific researches and teaching staff and students are widened. The base
for international recognition of national decree on education is prepared. Revival of spiritual values and national self-consciousness. No society can see its perspective without the development and strengthening its spiritual potential, spiritual and moral values in consciousness of people. The cultural values of the nation, its spiritual heritage have been a powerful source of spirituality for the peoples of the East during millennia. In spite of rigid ideological pressure during a long period, the people of Uzbekistan have managed to preserve their historical and cultural values and their local traditions, that were carefully transferred from generation to generation. From the first days of our independence, the major problem, raised on state policy level has been to revive that huge, invaluable spiritual and cultural legacy that was formed by our ancestors during many centuries. But we were aware that the simple deny of values of the former system posed a danger of political and cultural extremism which did not imply any creative programme. At the same time, spontaneous and thoughtless return to the values, traditions and tenor of the past can lead to another extreme: to the denial of modern life, to the denial of the necessity to modernize the society. Historical memory, restoration of an objective and truthful history of the nation, native territory, territory of the state is given an extremely important place in the revival and growth of national self-consciousness, and if you agree also the national pride. Historical experience, succession of traditions - all this should become those values, on which new generations are brought up. Static Electricity. We shall give an account of the electrification of bodies in terms of atomic structure. The atoms, normally containing equal numbers of electrons and protons (units of negative and positive charges respectively), are broken up, and electrons pass from one body to another, leaving the former positively and the later negatively charged. This is not the normal condition of matter, and at the first opportunity the positively charged body acquires electrons and the negatively charged body expels electrons, so as to recover the neutral state. The Electric Current. When a conductor joins two points of different potential, electricity flows from one to the other along the conductor until the potentials are equal. This process is very rapid, and with good conductors is completed in a
fraction of a second. While it lasts, an electric current is said to flow
from one point to the other. By convention, the direction of the current is
said to be that from the higher to the lower potential, i. e. the direction
in which positive charges would travel, but actually, owing to their much
greater mobility, it is the negative electrons, which move, and it is their
motion, which constitutes the current. It is unfortunate that, before the
existence of electrons was thought of the conventional direction of the
current should have been wrongly chosen, but it is now too late to alter
the convention. The student must bear in mind that when a current is said
to flow from A to B, what actually happens is that electrons flow from B to Magnetism. The existence of magnets shows that matter can be active. Everyone
knows something of the property of certain pieces of iron steel - and to a
smaller extent, cobalt and nickel- by which they can attract other pieces
of iron and steel and hold them up against gravity; and there is, in fact,
a naturally occurring oxide of iron, knows as "lodestone" which has the
same property. If we suspend a magnet by its center so that it hangs
horizontally, and then bring the end of another magnet near one of its
ends, we find that the suspended magnet is either attracted or repelled;
while if we present the other end of the second magnet to the same end of
suspended one, the reverse happens-there is either repulsion or attraction. Magnetic Polarity. We have here a behavior somewhat similar to that of electrified. The magnitude of the force is again far greater than that of gravity; and there is the same attraction and repulsion between bodies affected, and only attraction between an affected and an unaffected body. We therefore speak of positive and negative magnetization if we wish. We do not, however, use these terms, but speak of two ends of the magnet as "north" and "south" poles. The reason for this is that a freely suspended magnet always hangs so that one end points approximately towards the north and the other approximately towards the south, and if we disturb it, it always returns to the position. We therefore speak of the north-speaking poles, and these names are usually abbreviated to north (N) and south (S) poles. Conductors And Non-Conductors. The ease with which this is done depends on the atomic constitution of
the body. In some substances electrons move fairly easily, while in others
they find movement difficult. This difference is expressed by what is
called the electrical conductivity of the body. Substances through which
electrons move easily are called good conductors. Generally speaking, among
solids metals are good conductors and non-metals are poor conductors. If
materials are arranged in the order of their conductivity it is found
although there is no sudden transition from a group of very good to a group
of very bad conductors, the atoms are restored to their normal state as
fast as they are broken up, by the passage of electrons from the rod to the Permanent Magnetism. The electric current consists simply of electrons or ions traveling round and round a circuit, and it may well be asked why, apart from the general thirst for knowledge, we should be interested to constructing vast machines in order to make invisible particles do the same thing over and over again. Two reasons have already been given: we can use such a process to produce chemical action, as in electrolysis and electroplating, and we can use it to produce light and heat. The third, and the most important reason of all, is that we can use it to produce magnetic force. It has already been said that a circular current acts as a magnet, but before considering the magnetic effects of a current in more detail we must examine the properties of the so-called "permanent" magnets - pieces of iron and steel which attract other pieces of iron and steel without any obvious connection with electricity at all, although, as already stated, we believe the force to be associated with the motion of electrons within the magnets. Interpretation Of Magnetism. We assume that an electron moving in an orbit is a small magnet. For simplicity, suppose the orbit is a circle in plane of this sheet of paper, and suppose the electron is revolving in a clockwise direction. Then the upper side of the paper is a S-pole and the lower side is a N-pole. If another similar orbit existed in a parallel plane just above the first, there would therefore be attraction between them and the orbits would approach one another, while if the second electrons were revolving in the opposite direction to the polarity they would be reversed and there would be repulsion. Each atomic electron revolving in its orbit is therefore a small magnet, and the magnetic properties of observable bodies must be expressed in terms of interaction of these intra-atomic magnets. Like the assumption of the existence of elementary particles in atoms, this is not orbitrary guesswork. We can experiment with electrically charged bodies of observable size moving in orbits, and we can find that they do in fact behave as magnets in the manner just described. It is therefore quite reasonable to suppose that the elementary charges behave similarly, and provide us with elements out of which we can build a satisfactory theory of magnetism. III. Вопросы для зачета и экзамена. 1. Where do you study? Литература: 1. Islom Karimov “Building the Future. Uzbekistan – its own model for transition to a market economy”. 2. К. Иванова “English for students of electrical engineering”. Л. 1983. 3. З. Павлова “Сборник общенаучных и технических текстов на английском языке”. М., Высшая школа, 1964. 4. В. М. Макеева “Английский язык” (для неязыковых вузов). М., Высшая школа, 1968. Содержание.
Варианты контрольных работ ………………………………………………. 4 Тексты для чтения и перевода ……………………………………………… 10
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