Топики для сдачи экзамена по английскому языку в 11-ом классе (Шпаргалка)

Rugby football. You can see a ball in this game, but it is not round. It is oval. This is a team game. There are fifteen players in each team. It is a popular game in England. There are many amateur rug-by football teams in this country.

If we speak about football we can mention an American football too. It is a game that is played between two teams of players using an oval ball that can be handled or kicked. The captain of the team must be the oldest or best player.

Table tennis or ping-pong. Englishmen heard about table tennis in 1880. Then the International Table Tennis Associa­tion was formed and the international rules were worked out.

Many people like to play table tennis. This game is played by men and women.

There are some tennis clubs in England, but if you play there it is necessary to pay money for it.

Englishmen like playing tennis but many of them prefer to watch this game.

Wimbledon. It is the centre of lawn tennis. Some years ago Wimbledon was a village, now it is a part of London. The most important tennis competition takes place there every summer.

Englishmen pay much attention to swimming, rowing and walking. Usually the Oxford—Cambridge Boat Race takes place at the end of March or at the begin­ning of April. It is an interesting contest between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. It is usually held on the Thames River. The first such race was held in 1820. There were a lot of people watching this race.

There are some racing competitions in England. They are motor-car racing, dog-racing, donkey-racing, boat-racing, horse-racing. All kinds of racings are popular in England. It is interesting to see the egg-and-spoon race. The runner, who takes part in this competition, must carry an egg in a spoon. It is not allowed to drop the egg.

We must speak about the Highland Games in Scotland. All competitors wear Highland dress. There are such competi­tions as putting the weight, tossing the caber and others. The English are great lovers of sports.

LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES

It is necessary to learn foreign lan­guages. That's why pupils have got such subject as a foreign language at school. Everybody knows his own lan­guage, but it is useful to know foreign languages.

I learn English, because I understand that I can use it. For example, if I go to England I'll be able to speak English there. If I go to the USA, I'll speak En­glish too. English is used not only in En­gland, but also in other parts of the world.

I learn English because I want to read foreign literature in the original. I know and like such English and American writ­ers as Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, Lewis Carroll and others. I understand that I must learn English. If I know En­glish well, I'll be able to go to the library and take books by English and American writers in the original.

I like to travel. But it is difficult to vis­it countries, when you don't know the language of these countries. If I know the language of the country, where I am go­ing to, it will be easy to travel there. If I want to ask something, I can do it in En­glish.

I like to read books. And I like to read newspapers, too. If I know, for example, English I'll be able to read English news­papers and magazines. Knowledge of for­eign languages helps young people of dif­ferent countries to understand each other, to develop friendship among them. For example, we have a foreign exhibi­tion in Moscow. If I know a foreign lan­guage, it is easy for me to visit this exhi­bition.

You can see a lot of advertisements, signboards, names in the streets. They are in foreign languages. Very often they are in English. If you know English, you can read and understand them.

Now we buy many clothes from other countries If you know English well, you can read something about the size of this or that thing. It is clear for you what it is made of.

There are a lot of films in foreign lan­guages. If you know foreign languages, you can understand films without any help.

There are international friendship camps in the world. If you can speak foreign languages, it will be easy for you to visit such camps and speak with the boys, girls, men even they don't know Russian.

In short, I understand that I have to learn English in a proper way and I try to do it.

I LIKE TO TRAVEL

I like to travel. First of all, the mem­bers of our family usually have long walks in the country. Such walks are called hikes. If we want to see the coun­tryside, we have to spend a part of our summer holidays on hikes. It is useful for all members of our family. We take our rucksacks, we don't think about tickets, we don't hurry up and we walk a lot. Dur­ing such hikes we see a lot of interesting places, sometimes we meet. interesting people.

I like to travel by car. It is interesting too, because you can see many things in a short time. When we go by car, we don't take tickets too, we put all things we need in a car. We don't carry them.

THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Our country. Our environment. There are many big and small rivers, green for­ests, high mountains, lakes and seas in Russia.

Our Earth is our home. I think people must take care of our Motherland.

There are some laws and decisions on this important subject. We have state or­ganizations which pay attention to this problem.

The international conventions pay much attention to the control of pollution too.

There are a lot of industrial enterprises in our country, that's why we can't ignore the problem of the protection of our envi­ronment. Our main aim is the protection. Our environment must be clean. What V must we do for it? We have to control at­mospheric and water pollution, to study the man's influence on the climate. The pollution of the environment influences the life of animals, plants and our human life. If we don't use chemicals in a proper way we'll pollute our environment.

Our plants and factories put their waste materials into water and atmo­sphere and pollute the environment.

There are many kinds of transport in our big cities, that's why we must pay attention to the protection of our nature and the health of the people.

Radiation. Now it has become one of the main problems. It is not good for J health of people. Many people died from radiation some years ago in Chernobyl. It ' was a tragedy. Another problem is earth­quake. We know some terrible earth­quakes in the world. Our scientists try to forecast earthquakes, then we can protect ourselves from them.

The people all over the world do every­thing to protect their nature, to make their country richer, to make their life happier.

CHRISTMAS DAY

Every country has its own customs and traditions. English people are proud of their traditions and they keep them up.

It is difficult to speak about England without speaking about its holidays. Christmas Day is among them.

All English people celebrate Christmas (or X-mas) on the 25th of December.

Christmas! What kind of holiday is it? It is the yearly celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ. It falls on December 25 by the Catholic Church and on the 7th of January by the Orthodox Church. This holiday means the beginning of the new year and the new life. English people cele­brate this holiday with the evergreen tree — Christmas tree. Children rut

along sock, called a Christmas stocking at the end of their beds and Santa Claus conies down the chimney to bring them presents.

Christmas Day is the greatest holiday in England. It is interesting to visit the shops before this holiday. There are a lot of nice Christmas cards and presents there. English people like this holiday very much and prepare for it beforehand. They buy presents for each other, try to send Christmas cards for their relatives and friends.

It is interesting to visit London during this holiday. There is a Christmas tree in Trafalgar Square. We can see many lights, toys and sweets all over this tree. Everywhere you can see slogans "A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year".

The traditional English dinner on Christmas is turkey and pudding.

NEW YEAR'S DAY

There are many holidays in our coun­try. They are: New Year's Day, Christ­mas, Women's Day, Victory Day, May Day and others.

I like New Year's Day, it is my favou­rite holiday. The 1st of January is a win­ter holiday and now it is the first day of the New Year.

Peter the First changed the Russian calendar in 1699. He made the 31st of De­cember, 1699 the last day of the year. The first of January 1700 became New Year's Day.

The 1st of January is in the middle of winter. The weather is usually fine and there is a lot of snow everywhere. As the 1st of January is a holiday I don't go to school and my parents don't go to work.

We usually have got a very interesting New Year's party at school. We have got it on the 28th or 29th of December.

Our family prepares for this holiday be­forehand. My father buys and brings home a beautiful New Year's tree at the end of December. Our family has a tradition to buy it. I like to decorate the New Year's tree with toys, little coloured lights, sweets and a beautiful star on the top.

My mother and grandmother prepare our holiday supper and lay the table. I make a cake.

All the members of our family clean the flat before this nice holiday and then each of us try to dress well. We like to see the New Year in at home with our relatives. They come to see us at 11 o'clock in the evening.

At 12 o'clock we are sitting at the table and we are glad to see the New Year in. We say, "Best wishes for the New Year!"

I hope that next year will be better than the last one.

The New Year's Day is always connect­ed with our new hopes and dreams.

It is a pleasant moment to get presents on the New Year's Eve.

I usually get many nice useful things from my parents and relatives.

My parents put their presents under the New Year's tree.

We don't go to bed till morning, we watch TV, dance, eat tasty things and make jokes.

I enjoy this holiday very much.

YURI GAGARIN (1934-68)

Yuri Gagarin was the first cosmonaut in the world. Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin was born on the 9th of March, 1934. He was born in the village of Klushino in the Smolensk region.

Yura was an active, brave and curious boy. His father was jack of all trades and he helped his son when Yura made toy planes by hand. But the war began. Yuri Gagarin and his mother, father, brother and sister left their house and had to live in a dug-out.

After the war Gagarin's family moved to Gzhatsk. Now it is Gagarin. It was named after the first cosmonaut.

In 1951 Gagarin graduated from a voca­tional school in Lyubertsy near Moscow.

Yuri Gagarin attended an aeroclub and began to fly when he was a student of a technical secondary school in Saratov.

In 1955 he entered a school for pilots. Then he became a pilot and joined the first group of cosmonauts.

In 1960 Gagarin began to prepare for the flight into space.

On April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin flew into space and spent 108 minutes there. Jt was the first time in history that the Russian spaceship "Vostok" with the man on board was in space. After his flight he visited many countries and saw millions of people. Gagarin became a Hero of our country.

He died in 1968, but people always re­member the first Russian cosmonaut.

THE MASS MEDIA

Newspapers

There are many kinds of newspapers in our country. It is possible to buy them al­most everywhere. But we can't read all the newspapers. We know that it is neces­sary to read newspapers. Reading them we can learn a lot of interesting and use­ful things. I think that everyone must read newspapers every day. I read many newspapers and magazines.

Everyone has its favourite newspa­pers. I like "Vechernaya Moskva" best of all. This newspaper was published on the 6th of December, 1923 for the first time. It usually has 8 pages. You can read some news on the 1st page. You can't know a lot about these events, you read only some facts, which are usually short, but

interesting. If you turn the second page, you can read about our life. You can read out events abroad and about your favourite artists and singers, too. You л see some advertisements on each page the newspaper and use them. You can learn about the weather from the pages of is newspaper.

If you are fond of football, basket-ball tennis, you read articles about sport events in our country and about our famous sportsmen. If you want to buy something you have to read the last page. There are some humorous stories in this newspaper.

Magazines

It is interesting to look through some magazines or read them. It is possible to subscribe to some of them or buy them. We usually subscribe to the maga­zine "At the wheel". As we have a car it is useful for us to read it. My mother prefer to read the magazine "Liza". She says that it even helps her in some cases.

Television and radio

I think that they are very popular means of information. They are popular among young people in our country. We can know a lot of news watching TV or lis­tening to the radio set. All members of our family watch TV very regularly. We like such programme as "My family". I prefer to discuss some problems with my parents after it. I have many favourite TV programmes but I haven't enough time to watch all of them.

MY HOBBY

What is a hobby? It is what you can and like to do, when you have free time. We choose a hobby according to our character and taste. When we have a hobby our life becomes more interesting.

Very often our hobby helps us to choose our future profession because we learn a lot of new things.

Many people are interested in music. They collect records. Others like to read and collect books. People living in cities and towns like to be closer to nature and they spend their free time in the country.

Some of us go on hikes, some like to work in their gardens, take photographs or knit.

For example, gardening and growing roses is the most common hobby among Englishmen.

Both grown-ups and children are fond of playing different computer games. It has become one of the numerous hobbies.

I have got a hobby too.

My name is Nastya. Sometimes I have got some free time. As my hobby is cook­ing I like to make cakes and pies. My cakes are very tasty, but I like pies best of all. I'll tell you how I make pies with cab­bage.

First of all I take a head of cabbage, cut and put it into a frying-pan. Then I take carrot and peel it. By the way I have a very comfortable grater at home. I like to use it when I make my pies. I usually grate carrot, onion using my favourite grater. I put grated carrot into the fry­ing-pan, then I salt cabbage and carrot to my taste, mix them and add some water. Then I stew these vegetables in the fry­ing-pan. I usually buy some paste for my pies.

I cut up paste, roll it and make small pies. Then I put pies with stewed cabbage into the oven. It takes twenty minutes

to bake them. My parents and friends like to eat my pies. I advise you to make such pies and I hope that you'll like them too.

MY SCHOOL

At the age of 6 or 7 all boys and girls go to school. I go to school too. The number of my school is 338. Our school is large and light. It is neither old nor new. There is a schoolyard around it. It is a pity, but there are no flowers near the school. You can see a sportsground behind the school. Sometimes we have physical training les­sons there.

Our school has got three floors. There is a workshop on the ground floor. It is big. There are all kinds of tools and ma­chines there. The boys of our school have a wood-work room too. They learn to make things of wood in this room. There is a room for manual work for girls. It is not on the ground floor, it is on the sec­ond floor.

There are some computer classes, and pupils like such school subjects as Com­puting.

If you enter the school and go to the left you see a dining-room. Here pupils and teachers have their breakfast and dinner.

The dining-room is a clean one. There are many nice pictures on the walls.

There is a gymnasium near the dining-room. All pupils like to go there, because they like physical training lessons.

Our school has got a library. It is on the ground floor too. There are a lot of inter­esting new and old books in it. But our li­brary has no reading-room.

Our school has got many classrooms. We have got two English classrooms. His­tory, Geography and Physics classrooms and others. They are big and light and each of them has got two large windows with green curtains, flowers on the win­dow-sills, a bookcase near the door, the blackboard on the wall.

The teacher's table with many books on it is situated not far from the black­board.

There are twenty desks and some com­fortable chairs in the classrooms.

There is a TV set in each classroom. Sometimes it is used during the lessons.

There is a school hall on the second floor where meetings and conferences take place.

We organize concerts, parties when we celebrate our holidays. Pupils of our school sing songs and dance modern and folk dances and perform some plays there. The last bell is organized at our school in a proper way. It is a very re­markable day in the life of all the pupils. The pupils of the first form and the pu­pils of the eleventh one are preparing for this day with great pleasure.

The teachers' room is on the second floor. There are tables and chairs for teachers, a TV set and a telephone there. It is a comfortable and cosy room and the teachers like to spend their free time in it. I like my school. I go there and get knowledge.

THE CINEMA

The Lumiere brothers made their first film in 1895. This film was demonstrated in one famous cafe in Paris.

The first films were silent and short, but they were popular among people.

The USA was the leader in the produc­tion of films. The first sound film appeared in 1927. Soon coloured films appeared.

Cinematography has a long history in our country too.

Pioneers of the Russian cinema were Protozanov, Gardin, later Pudovkin and Dovzhenko. At that time films were si­lent and black-and-white.

Later films became sound and colour­ful.

Some years ago it was popular to go to the cinemas in Moscow. It was difficult to buy a ticket for a good film and we had to stand in a queue for hours.

But now we prefer to stay at home and watch TV and video films.

In England the cinema is usually called "the pictures". The prices of cinema seats in London are high. In the past cinemas were more popular than they are now. It is interesting that in some towns in Brit­ain the cinemas are closed on Sundays.

I like to see documentary films best of all. Some of them are rather interesting, because they tell us the truth about the history of our country.

I like to see films about school life. As I study at school, such films are connected with me. It is interesting to see films bout school life in England, France, Spain and in the USA. It is interesting to know about foreign education and to see their schools.

My favourite Russian film is "Moscow doesn't believe in tears". It is the true story about the girl. She leaves her vil­lage for Moscow. This film tells us about her difficulties, about her wish to live in the capital, about her friends. I am sure that it is a kind and a clever film.

THE TRETYAKOV GALLERY

There are many interesting galleries in our country. The Tretyakov Gallery is one

of the famous and well-known picture galleries in our country and all over the world.

The State Tretyakov Gallery is situated in a Russian-looking building in the cen­tre of Moscow. This gallery is named af­ter its founder Peter Tretyakov. He began to collect Russian paintings in 1856. He wanted these paintings to be seen by peo­ple.

This gallery and collections of paint­ings were nationalized in 1918.

The first works in Tretyakov's collec­tion were the paintings of the "Pere-dvizhniki". The collector bought paint­ings "Morning in a Pine Wood" by Shish-kin and "Ivan Tsarevich on the Grey Wolf "by Vasnetsov.

The gallery has got many halls. There are halls devoted to the great Russian painters of the 18th and 19th centuries. We can see pictures by such painters as Serov, Repin, Ivanov, Levitan and others. You can see the landscapes "After Rain" and "Golden Autumn". These paintings by Levitan are beautiful. I like to see his paintings because he is one of my favourite artists. I compare his painting "Golden Autumn" with the poem "Au­tumn" by Pushkin.

There are some paintings by Repin in the Tretyakov Gallery. His paintings are connected with the history of our coun­try. For example, his painting "Ivan Grozny Murders His Son Ivan". There are some portraits of Lev Tolstoy and a self-portrait of Repin in this hall.

I like the painting "Trinity" by Andrei Rublyov. This work reflects the life and soul of the Russian people.

This gallery has many new exhibits now. You can see works of the painters of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century there. I like works by Gerasimov. I think that he is a very tal­ented painter.

BOOKS IN OUR LIFE                   

Books... I think that we can't live with­out them.

I consider that books are with us during all our life. When I was a child my par­ents read them to me. I was pleased to lis­ten to the stories and tales. I learned a lot of interesting things from books. I re­member, I liked thick books.

Later I could read myself. I like to read books about animals, nature and child­ren.

I like to get presents on my birthday. I am happy if it is a book. It doesn't mat­ter what kind of book it is. I like to read almost all books. If I have got time I like to spend it with my favourite book. When I was fifteen I was fond of reading too.

But I preferred to read books about trav­els. I travelled with the heroes of the sto­ries. I saw many interesting places and learned a lot of important facts about other countries and people.

Now I like to read books on science. You can learn many things from books. I am sure that books play a very impor­tant role in my life.

Our family has got many books. All the members of our family buy books and read them. My mother says that books help us in self-education.

In ancient times books were written by hand. It was difficult to write a book with a pen. Then printing came into our life. Printing played an important role in the development of literature and culture.

Now there are a lot of books in the shops, there are many books in our flats. But it is difficult to buy all books which we want to read. That's why we get books in public libraries.

There are some problems in our life and sometimes it is difficult to solve them. I think that books can help us. Last year I read a very interesting book "An Ameri­can Tragedy" by Theodore Dreiser. This novel was published at the beginning of the 20th century. The novel describes the tragic fate of a boy and a girl, Clyde and Roberta by name. It is a sad story. This novel was written many years ago, but it is popular nowadays. Books must be our friends during all our life.

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