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| Ãðàììàòèêàp> Write two sentences for each of the following words, one with a gerund and one with have a + noun. Ride; drink; look; wash; quarrel; walk 13. Noun + preposition Many nouns are followed by prepositions. Put the correct preposition into each gap. a. I got a cheque __________ five hundred pounds in the post today. b. There has been a rise __________ the number of violent crimes. c. Have you seen this photo __________ my daughter? Isn’t she beautiful? d. The difference __________ you and me is that I don’t mind hard work. e. I can think of no reason __________ such strange behaviour. f. It took a long time to find a solution __________ the problem. g. Could you give me some information __________ train times? h. I’m having trouble __________ my car. It won’t start. i. She’s doing research __________ the causes of tooth decay. j. This is a machine __________ grinding coffee. Unit 6 Reported speech
o You usually use your own words to report what someone said, rather than repeating their exact words. o Report structures contain a reporting clause first, then a reported clause. o When you are reporting a statement, the reported clause is a ‘that’- clause. o You must mention the hearer with ‘tell’. You need not mention the hearer with ‘say’. Jim said he wanted to go home. Jim’s actual words might have been ‘It’s time I went’ or ‘I must go’. Report structures contain two clauses. The first clause is the reporting clause, which contains a reporting verb such as ‘say’, ‘tell’, or ‘ask’. She said that she'd been to Belgium. You often use verbs that refer to people’s thoughts and feelings to report what people say. If someone says ‘I am wrong’, you might report this as ‘He felt that he was wrong’. The second clause in a report structure is the reported clause, which contains the information that you are reporting. The reported clause can be a ‘that’-clause, a ‘to’-infinitive clause, an ‘if’-clause, or a ‘wh’-word clause. She said that she didn't know. If you want to report a statement, you use a ‘that’-clause after a verb such as ‘say’. |admit |argue |decide |insist |reply |
I replied that I had not read it yet. You often omit ‘that’ from the ‘that’-clause, but not after ‘answer’, They said I had to see a doctor first. You often mention the hearer after the preposition ‘to’ with the following verbs. |admit |complain|mention |suggest |
‘Tell’ and some other reporting verbs are also used with a 'that'-clause, but with these verbs you have to mention the hearer as the object of the verb. |convince|notify |reassure|tell |
I informed her that I could not come. The word ‘that’ is often omitted after ‘tell’. I told them you were at the dentist. You can also mention the hearer as the object of the verb with ‘promise’ and ‘warn’. I promised her that I wouldn't be late. Note the differences between ‘say’ and ‘tell’. You cannot use ‘say’ with
the hearer as the object of the verb. You cannot say ‘I said them you had
gone’. You cannot use ‘tell’ without the hearer as the object of the verb.
She was told that there were no tickets left. Most reporting verbs that do not need the hearer as object, such as ‘say’,
can be used in the passive with impersonal ‘it’ as subject, but not It was said that the money had been stolen. Other report structures
o When reporting an order, a request, or a piece of advice, the reported clause is a 'to'-infinitive clause, used after an object o When reporting a question, the reported clause is an 'if-clause or a 'wh'- word clause o Many reporting verbs refer to people's thoughts and feelings If you want to report an order a request or a piece of advice you use a |advise |command |invite |remind |
If the order request or advice is negative you put ‘not’ before the ‘to’- infinitive. He had ordered his officers not to use weapons. If the subject of the ‘to’-infinitive clause is the same as the subject of the main verb you can use ‘ask’ or ‘beg’ to report a request without mentioning the hearer. I asked to see the manager. If you want to report a question you use a verb such as ‘ask’ followed by an ‘if’-clause or a ‘wh’-word clause. I asked if I could stay with them. Note that in reported questions the subject of the question comes before the verb just as it does in affirmative sentences.
Some of these verbs are followed by: a ‘that’-clause |accept |fear |imagine |think |
a ‘to’ infinitive clause |intend |plan |want |
a ‘that’-clause or a ‘to’-infinitive clause |agree |expect |hope |regret |wish |
‘Expect’ and ‘prefer’ can also be followed by an object and a ‘to’- infinitive. I m sure she doesn’t expect you to take the plane. A speaker's exact words are more often used in stories than in ordinary conversation ‘I knew I’d seen you,’ I said. Practice
Example: 1 – h; 1. They said they had to go. a. ‘You can’t leave yet. It’s only eleven o’clock.’ b. ‘Well, I’ll do whatever I can for you.’ c. ‘If I were you I would get in touch with the manager.’ d. ‘I bumped into your brother in London yesterday.’ e. ‘It’s no good just telephoning. Put something in writing.’ f. ‘I’ll certainly come and see you some time.’ g. ‘We have far too much work at the moment.’ h. ‘I’m afraid it’s time for us to leave.’ 2. Use the appropriate form of these verbs to complete the definitions and examples.
2. If you __________ something, you agree, often reluctantly, that it is true. EG I must __________ that I had my doubts. 3. When you __________ something, you say that it not true. EG Green 4. If you __________ something, you tell people about it publicly or officially. EG It was __________ that the Prime Minister would speak on television that evening. 5. If you __________ , you tell someone about a situation affecting you that is wrong or unsatisfactory. EG He __________ that the office was not 6. If you __________ something, you say it, but do not spend long talking about it. EG I __________ to Tom that I was thinking of going back to work. 7. If you __________ something, you describe it so that it can be understood. EG He __________ that they had to buy a return ticket. 8. If you __________ that something is the case, you state your opinion about it and give reasons why you think it is true. EG Some people 3. Use one of the words given in brackets to complete each of the sentences below. 1. I _explained_ to him that he would have to wait. (explained / told) 4. Rewrite the sentences below as orders or requests with a ‘to’-infinitive clause, and the words in brackets.
David asked Mary to look after the children. 1. ‘I think you should try to get more sleep.’ (John’s doctor / advise / him) Now do these with not and ‘to’-infinitive clause. 6. ‘You shouldn’t play with fire.’ (I / warn / the children) 5. Now do these sentences with ask and a ‘wh'-word clause.
I asked a policeman what time the match started. 1. ‘Where are you going to spend the holiday?’ (Joe / Mary) 6. In this exercise you have to write what you would say in these situations. Example: Ann says ‘I’m tired’. Five minutes later she says ‘Let’s play tennis’. What do you say? You said you were tired. 1. Your friend says ‘I’m hungry’ so you go to a restaurant. When you get there he says ‘I don’t want to eat’. What do you say? You said 2. Tom tells you ‘Ann has gone away’. Later that day you meet her. What do you say? 3. George said ‘I don’t smoke’. A few days later you see him smoking a cigarette. What do you say to him? You said 4. You arranged to meet Jack. He said ‘I won’t be late’. At last he arrives 5. Sue said ‘I can’t come to the party tonight’. That night you see her at the party. What do you say to her? 6. Ann says ‘I’m working tomorrow evening’. Later that day she says ‘Let’s go out tomorrow evening’. What do you say? 7. Now you have to read a sentence and write a new sentence with the same meaning. Example: ‘Listen carefully’, he said to us. He told us to listen carefully. 1. ‘Eat more fruit and vegetables’, the doctor said. Unit 7 Conditionals
o You use conditional clauses to talk about a possible situation and its results. o Conditional clauses can begin with ‘if’. o A conditional clause needs a main clause to make a complete sentence. The conditional clause can come before or after the main clause. You use conditional clauses to talk about a situation that might possibly
happen and to say what its results might be. If the light comes on, the battery is OK. When you are talking about something that is generally true or happens often, you use a present or present perfect tense in the main clause and the conditional clause. If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards. Warning: You do not use the present continuous in both clauses. You do not say ‘If they are losing money, they are getting angry.’ When you use a conditional clause with a present or present perfect tense, you often use an imperative in the main clause. Wake me up if you’re worried. When you are talking about something which may possibly happen in the future, you use a present or present perfect tense in the conditional clause, and the simple future in the main clause If I marry Celia, we will need the money. Warning: You do not normally use ‘will’ in conditional clauses. You do not say ‘If I will see you tomorrow, I will give you the book.’ When you are talking about something that you think is unlikely to happen,
you use the past simple or past continuous in the conditional clause and If I had enough money, I would buy the car. If he was coming, he would ring. ‘Were’ is sometimes used instead of ‘was’ in the conditional clause, especially after ‘I’. If I were as big as you, I would kill you. When you are talking about something which could have happened in the past but which did not actually happen, you use the past perfect in the conditional clause. In the main clause, you use ‘would have’ and a past participle. If he had realised that, he would have run away. Warning: You do not use ‘would have’ in the conditional clause. You do not say ‘If I would have seen him, I would have told him.’ Practice
I 1. You (to speak) better if you (to be) more attentive. II 1. I think that if we (to take shelter) under these trees, we not (to get wet). 2. Open the brackets I 1. If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) you. 8. If I had realised that the traffic lights were red I (stop). 20. If you (not sneeze) he wouldn't have known that we were there. II 1. If I (see) you in the street yesterday, of course I (say) "Good morning." 3. Match these parts to make conditional sentences. Example: 1 – j 1. Dan might help you ... a ... if they are enjoying themselves. 4. Complete these sentences by putting the verb in brackets in the right tense. Example: If you …ask… Liz, she will tell you what to do. (ask) 1. He's going to visit some friends in Athens if he time. (have) 5. Match these parts to make conditional sentences. Example: 1 – i 1. If I had their address ... a ... it would cost over £650. Conditional clauses using modals and 'unless'
o You can use a modal in a conditional clause. o You use 'unless' to mention an exception to what you are saying. You sometimes use modals in conditional clauses. In the main clause, you
can still use a present tense for events that happen often, ‘will’ for
events that are quite likely in the future, ‘would’ for an event that is
unlikely to happen, and ‘would have’ for events that were possible but did
not happen. ‘Should’ is sometimes used in conditional clauses to express greater uncertainty. If any visitors should come, I'll say you aren't here. You can use other modals besides ‘will’, ‘would’ and ‘would have’ in the
main clause with their usual meanings. Note that you can have modals in both clauses: the main clause and the conditional clause. If he can't come, he will phone. In formal English, if the first verb in a conditional clause is ‘had’, Were it all true, it would still not excuse their actions. Had I known. I would not have done it. When you want to mention an exception to what you are saying, you use a
conditional clause beginning with ‘unless’. When you use ‘unless’, you use the same tenses that you use with ‘if’. She spends Sundays in the garden unless the weather is awful. ‘If’ and ‘unless’ are not the only ways of beginning conditional clauses. Practice
Example: I can’t write to her because I don’t have her address. I could write to her, if I had her address. 2. Rewrite these sentences as conditionals. Example: Unfortunately I didn’t see him, so I couldn’t give him your message. If I had seen him, I could have given him your message. 1. Unfortunately he didn’t pass his exams or he might have gone to university. 3. Match the two parts of these conditional sentences. Example: 1 – g 1. You can borrow the money ... a ... I would have invited you to lunch. b ... would you ask him to call back later? c ... provided he has recovered from his cold. d ... unless you are a member of staff. e ... as long as it was black. f ... provided he can stay overnight. g ... so long as you promise to pay it back. h ... unless someone shows him the way.
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