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МЕНЮ
| The School Education in Great Britain (Школьное образование в Великобритании)The School Education in Great Britain (Школьное образование в Великобритании)The School Education in Great Britain The aim of education in general is to develop to the full the talents of both children and adults for their own benefit and that of society as a whole. It is a large-scale investment in the future. The educational system of Great Britain has developed for over a
hundred years. It is a complicated system with wide variations between one
part of the country and another. Three partners are responsible for the
education service: central government – the Department of Education and The Department of Education and Science is concerned with the
formation of national policies for education. It is responsible for the
maintenance of minimum national standard of education. In exercising its
functions the DES is assisted by Her Majesty’s Inspectorate. The primary
functions of the Inspectors are to give professional advice to the Local education authorities are charged with the provision and day-to- day running of the schools and colleges in their areas and the recruitment and payment of the teachers who work in them. They are responsible for the provision of buildings, materials and equipment. However, the choice of text-books and timetable are usually left to the headmaster. The content and method of teaching is decided by the individual teacher. The administrative functions of education in each area are in the hands of a Chief Education Officer who is assisted by a deputy and other officials. Until recently planning and organization were not controlled by central government. Each LEA was free to decide how to organize education in its own area. In 1988, however, the National Curriculum was introduced, which means that there is now greater government control over what is taught in schools. The aim was to provide a more balanced education. The new curriculum places greater emphasis on the more practical aspects of education. Skills are being taught which pupils will need for life and work. The chief elements of the national Curriculum include a broad and balanced framework of study which emphasizes the practical applications of knowledge. It is based around the core subjects of English, mathematics and science ( biology, chemistry, etc.) as well as a number of other foundation subjects, including geography, history, technology and modern languages. The education reform of 1988 also gave all secondary as well as larger primary schools responsibilities for managing the major part of their budgets, including costs of staff. Schools received the right to withdraw from local education authority control if they wished. Together with the National Curriculum, a programme of Records of The great majority of children (about 9 million) attend Britain’s In most primary and secondary state schools boys and girls are taught together. Most independent schools for younger children are also mixed, while the majority of private secondary schools are single-sex. State schools are almost all day schools, holding classes between Two-thirds of state schools are wholly owned and maintained by LEAs. Every state school has its own governing body (a board of governors), consisting of teachers, parents, local politicians, businessmen and members of the local community. Boards of governors are responsible for their school’s main policies, including the recruitment of the staff. A great role is played by the Parent Teacher Association (PTA). Compulsory education begins at the age of 5 in England, Wales and Education within the state school system comprises either two tiers Nearly all state secondary schools are comprehensive, they embrace pupils from 11 to 18. The word “comprehensive” expresses the idea that the schools in question take all children in a given area without, selection. NURSERY EDUCATION. Education for the under-fives, mainly from 3 to 5,
is not compulsory and can be provided in nursery schools and nursery
classes attached to primary schools. Although they are called schools, they
give little formal education. The children spend most of their time in some
sort of play activity, as far as possible of an educational kind. In any
case, there are not enough of them to take all children of that age group. PRIMARY EDUCATION. The primary school usually takes children from 5 to 11. Over half of the primary schools take the complete age group from 5 to 11. The remaining schools take the pupils aged 5 to 7 – infant schools, and 8 to 11 – junior schools. However, some LEAs have introduced first school, taking children aged 5 to 8, 9 to 10. The first school is followed by the middle school which embraces children from 8 to 14. Next comes the upper school (the third tier) which keeps middle school leavers until the age of 18. This three-stage system (first, middle and upper) is becoming more and more popular in a growing number of areas. The usual age for transfer from primary to secondary school is 11. SECONDARY EDUCATION. Secondary education is compulsory up to the age
of 16, and pupils may stay on at school voluntarily until they are 18. There are three categories of comprehensive schools: 1) schools which take pupils from 11 to 18, 2) schools which embrace middle school leavers from 12, 13or 14 to 18, and 3) schools which take the age group from 11 to 16. Comprehensive schools admit children of all abilities and provide a wide range of secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. In some areas children moving from state primary to secondary education are still selected for certain types of school according to their current level of academic attainment. There are grammar and secondary modern schools, to which children are allowed at the age of 11 on the basis of their abilities. Grammar schools provide a mainly academic education for the 11 to 18 age group. Secondary modern schools offer a more general education with a practical bias up to the minimum school-leaving age of 16. Some local education authorities run technical schools (11 – 18). There are special schools adapted for the physically and mentally
handicapped children. The compulsory period of schooling here is from 5 to About 5 per cent of Britain’s children attend independent or private schools outside the free state sector. Some parents choose to pay for private education in spite of the existence of free state education. These schools charge between 300 pounds a term for day nursery pupils and 3,500 pounds a term for senior boarding-school pupils. All independent schools have to register with the Department of Around 550 most privileged and expensive schools are commonly known as public schools. The principal examinations taken by secondary school pupils at the
age of 16 are those leading to the General Certificate of Secondary The chief examinations at the age of 18 are leading to the General Admission to universities is carried out by examinationor selection The overall pupil-teacher ratio in state primary and secondary schools is about 18 to 1, on of the most favourable in the world.
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