Категория "противоположность" в английском языке

Ill – in an unkind or critical way.

Well – in a kind way.

В данном случае ill является антонимом слову well. Значение слова ill содержится слово unkind, которое произошло от kind+un, где un является отрицательным префиксом, образующим антонимы.

                                                                     Poor – rich

It is only that he has better means of having it than many others, because he is rich, and many others are poor.

Poor – having very little money with which to buy one’s basic needs.

Rich – having a lot of money or property; wealthy.

Дефиниции этих слов содержат противоположные семы little и a lot, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами.

На основании вышеприведенных примеров можно сделать вывод, что слова являются противоположными,то есть антонимами, если их значения содержат противоположные семы, отрицательную частицу NOT или отрицательные префиксы un-; in-(il-; im-; ir-;) dis-; суффикс –less.Далее приведены примеры содержащие антонимические пары.

                                                                     Defence - offence

Best defence is offence.

                                                                     Today – yesterday

The superstition of today is the science of yesterday.

                                                 

                                                                     Good - bad

What’s good about not being bad?

                                                                     Alike – different

It was unbelievable two people could look so  much alike and be so completely and utterly different.

                                                                    Difficult – easy

They were not difficult and for a girl of Roberta’s natural grace and zest, easy.

                                                                    Alike – different

How is it that two people, just a brother and sister, can be so alike and so different?                            

                                                                     Despair – hope

Sometimes i hope, my dear, and sometimes i don’t quite despair, but nearly.

                                                                     Dimish – increase

The softness of Dinny’s feelings dimished the watchfulness increased.

                                                                     Drunk – sober

“You are very drunk,” Gwen said. “Sober as a judge,” he said.

                                                                     Early – late

At first it was too early for the boy to be received into the proper refuge and at last it was too late.

                                                                     Evil – good

And so the factory came to be regarded as a good thing, not an evil.

                                                                     Failure – success

Naturally i went to evert a conflict in with success would damage me and failure disable me.

                                                                     Fast – loose

Surely Fleur would see in the long run that he couldn’t play fast and loose.

                                                                     Fear – hope

A strange conflict of hopes and fears raged within Dinny.

                                                                     Above – below

One is too far below me ( i mean in her own opinion ), and the other is too high above me.

                                                                     Absence – presence

To him the presence or absence of his wife’s sister was a matter of indifference.

                                                                     Absolute – relative

His vitality was absolute, not relative.

                                                                     Accept – decline

I cannot accept this offer, Lord Caversham, i have made up my mind to decline it.

                                                                     Act – word

A brawl or boil is a rude quarrel by word or act or both.

                                                                     Active – passive

This was no passive belief, but an active weapon which they flashed more convenient places of business.

                                                                     Dead – alive

“Speak” he cried, “and tell us whether you are alive or dead…”

                                                                     Answer – ask

It is always worth while asking a question, though it is not always worth answering one.

                                                                     Attack – defence

Dyke had stood between cab and fender through out all the duel, exposed, reckless, thinking only of attack and not of defence. 

                                                                     Back – forward

He distinguished the choice open to him of forward or back, and he selected forward.

                                                                     Beast – man

But man or beast, it will be wise to stay here a minute and let get by and out of the way.

                                                                     Begin – end

Romance should never begin with sentiment. It should begin with science and end with a settlement. 

                                                                     Clever – foolish

You don’t mean to say that this charming, clever young lady has been so foolish as to accept you?

                                                                      Begin – finish

Office affairs are easy to begin and difficult to finish, particularly in a small town.

                                                                                  

                                                                             Cold – hot

First you are hot, then you are cold, and the best you have got is the fact you are old.

                                                                   Complicated – simple

“But this is complicated.”  -“And on the paper very simple,” Robert Jordon grinned.

                                                                                       Cool – warm

For the first time her lips were not cool, shut and sisterly, but warm and open and delicious.

                                                                                       Dangerous – safe

But i think you are unreasonable. A thing cannot be bad because it is too dangerous and too safe.

                                                                                       Darkness – light

Therefor whatsoever ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard in light.  

                                                                                       Deed – word

Annie Bauman was the only one who did not feel ashamed to avow herself by word and deed the companion of Gretel and them.

                                                                                       Find – lose

You do that when you’ve lost a horseshoe that you’ve found, instead of nailing it up over the door.

                                                                                       Forget – remember

Soldiers must not forget, they said, soldiers must not remember; all that’s treason.

                                                                                       Friend – enemy

I asked for us to be friends, Margaret, not enemies.

                                                                                       Gain – loss

“Let us weigh the gain and loss,” he quoted, “in wagering that God is, let us entimate these chances. If you gained, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing.”

                                                                                       Good – harm

He must have been doing more harm than good around here.

                                                                                     

 Give – receive

We know what we give, we cannot know what we receive.

                                                                                       Guilty – innocent

So the law assumed there must be one guilty party, and one innocent party who has been wronged by desertion of the matrimonial bed. 

                                                                                       

                                                                                       Happy – miserable

He seemed to think it remarkable that he should be so miserable in axactly the same place where he had once been happy. 

                                                                                       Heavy – light

His head felt empty, light as air; his feet were heavy as lead.

                                                                                       Ignorance–knowledge

The journey from ignorance to knowledge of an individual student may remain a unique series of events whilst being controlled by a set of fixed rules.

                                                                                       Left – right

Dora paid grocery bills right and left for two years.

   

                                                                                       Loathe – love

If a man and woman sinned, let them go for into the desert to love or loathe each other there.

                                                                                       Lose – win

Win or lose – nothing worse for public life than private ruction.

                                                                                       Never – now

This overmastering wish of this – for its fulfilment it was now or never with him!

                                                                                       War – peace

I do not claim that, even today, the issues of right and wrong, of war and peace are so clear to everyone as they were in my special circumstances.

                                                                                       Pleasure – sorrow

Whether from pleasure or from sorrow, great tears fell from my stupid eyes on Lorna’s letter.

                                                                                       Private – public

Yet, Monseigneur had slowly found that vulgar embarrassment crept into his affairs, both private and public.    

                                                                                       Rise – sink

Martin sank or rose to Clif’s buoyancy, while Clif rose or sank to Martin’s speculativeness.             

                                                                                       Ancient – modern

“That’s the modern views, anyway,” – “According to report the ancient one too.”

                                                                                       Annoy – please

He began to believe she might be in love with him and the thought was both pleasing and annoying.

                                                                                       Artificial – natural

He made the most dismal sounds i’ve ever heard produced by any means, natural or artificial. 

                                                                                       Blessing – curse

Still, as i see it, marriage is a very sacred thing and children are a blessing – not a curse.

                                                                                       Comedy – tragedy

                                                                                       Old – young

The sole is born old but grows young. That is the comedy of life. And the body is born young and grows old. That is life’s tragedy.

                                                                                       Ashamed – proud

I know what love means now, and instead of being ashamed of, i’m proud of it.

                                                                                       Fast – slow

They sent me down a succession of compact, 9  boys who used to go fast when i wanted to go slow, and slow when i wanted to go fast.

 

                                                                                       Giant – pigmy

“So you think your friend in the city will be hard upon me, if i fail a payment?” – says the trooper, looking down upon him like a giant. “My dear friend, i am afraid he will,” – returns the old man looking up at him like a pigmy.

                                                                                     

Open – close

Maida opened ii just wide enough for me to enter, then closed it again quickly.

                                                                                       Question – answer

“A lot of nice one, eh?” – said Maida, she had the local habit of placing the word “eh” at the end of her remarks, questions and answers alike.

                                                                                       Young – old

Kathleen was a little younger then me, but looked much older.

                                                                                       Man – woman

“I’ll say, man” – said Isa, for she also used the common currency, adding “man” to most of the statements she addressed to man and woman alike.

                                                                                       Black – white

I have no objection to sit down and listen, but i don’t see how than can make black white. 

                                                                                       Boy – girl

“Thomas, if it’s a boy,” – she said “after my uncle. But if it’s a girl i’d like something fancy for a first name.”

                                                                                       More – less

But she kept eyeing Henry with interest, and the reproachful tone was more or less a routine affair.

                                                                                       Come – go

The hell with the money: come easy go easy.

                                                                                       Clean – dirty

She didn’t simply look clean, she looked as if she had never been dirty.     

                                                                                       Lie – truth

And remember, the truth, however ashamed of it you may be, is better than any lie.

                                                                                       With - without

We must not think of the things we could do with but only of the things that we can’t do without.  

                                                                                      

Love – money

Dehn, son – in – law, who had married Pamela – whether for love or money was never quite clear to the widow.   

                                                                                       Here – there

There were ships of mail standing like ghosts in armour, here and there.

                                                                                       Near – far

Near, far wherever you are, i believe that the heart does go on.

Вторая группа антонимов, аффиксальных, образуется при помощи отрицательных префиксов: un -, который предает глаголу противоположное значение, существительным, прилагательным и наречиям – отрицательное значение не; без; in -; (il -; im -; ir -;); dis -, который предает слову отрицательное значение, указывает на лишение чего – либо, указывает на разделение, рассеивание в разные стороны; и отрицательного суффикса –less, который предает слову отрицательное значение..

Аффиксальные    антонимы:                                                                                    Willing – unwilling

Gordon had made Smith an easy partner in these thefts, not willing and unwilling, but simply an assumed partner.    

Willing – done, given, etc. readily or enthusiastically.

Unwilling – not wanted to do something.

В значении слова unwilling содержится отрицательная частица NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами.

                                                                               Happy – unhappy

“Sue, i believe you are not happy…” – “Of course, i am!” – she contracted. “How can a woman be unhappy who has only been married eight weeks to a man she chose freely?”

Happy – fortunate, lucky.

Unhappy – unfortunate; that is or should be regarded.

Значение слова unhappy содержит отрицательное слово unfortunate, которое образовалось от fortunate+un, который предает слову отрицательное значение, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами.

                                                                         

Honest – dishonest

This man Steuer fancied that he was dishonest, and that he, Mallenhauer, was honest.

Honest – telling the truth; not lying.

Dishonest – not honest.

Значение слова dishonest содержит отрицательную частицу NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова будут антонимами.

                                                                            

Approve – disapprove

Who am i to approve or disapprove?

Approve – to feel or believe that somebody/something is good, acceptable or satisfactory.

Disapprove – to consider somebody/something to be bad, wrong, foolish.

Значения данных слов содержат противоположные семы good и bad, поэтому эти слова являются антонимами.

Dependent - independent

We’re all really dependent in nearly everything and we make a fuss about being independent in something.  

Dependent – needing somebody/something in order to live or survive.

Independent – not dependent on other people or thing.

Значение слова independent содержит отрицательную частицу NOT, которая является элементом образования антонима, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами.

                                                                               Human – inhuman

                                                                               Like – dislike

“But why do you like markets and dislike stories?” – “Because markets are human and stories inhuman.”

Human – kind, good.

Inhuman – lacking normal human qualities of kindness, pity, etc, extremely cruel.

Значения данных слов содержат противоположные семы good и cruel, поэтому эти слова являются антонимичной парой.

                                                                               Legal – illegal

They rallied the Negro people and their allies against the lynches, legal and illegal.  

Legal – of, based on or concerned with the law.

Illegal – against the law; not legal.

Значение слова illegal содержится отрицательная частица NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова будут антонимами.

                                                                               Visible – invisible

In the see there are more things invisible, than visible.

Visible – that can be seen; in sight.

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