Категория "противоположность" в английском языке

Invisible – that cannot be seen; not visible.

Значение слова visible содержит отрицательную частицу NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами.

                                                                               Regular – irregular

But these footsteps were so odd that one couldn’t decide them regular or irregular.

Regular – done or happening often, frequently.

Irregular – not happening, coming, done, etc. regular, varying.

Значение слова irregular содержит отрицательную частицу NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова будут антонимами.

                                                                          Coloured – uncoloured

On those walls, wherever the eye roved, were prints coloured and uncoloured, old and new, depicting the sports of racing and prize – fighting.

 Tied – untied

People get tied up, and sometimes they stay tied – because they want to stay or because they haven’t the will power to break or others become untied and make a new start. 

                                                                               Engage – disengage

“How soon will you be disengaged?” “I didn’t say you i was engaged.” 

                                                                               Explicable – inexplicable

The proposal was monstrous, inexplicable or explicable only by the assumption that his mind, while not unhinged, had temporarily lost its balance.  

 

                                                                               Filial – unfilial

“I have seen a good deal of what is filial in my times, Sir,” said Mould, “and what is unfilial too.”    

                                                                               Inside – outside

And also, he expected that the management demanded of all boys that they look well outside as well as inside the hotel.

                                                                               Just – unjust

The A.F. of L. port leaders, as loyal servitors of capitalism, unquestionable support all wars, just or unjust, declared by the capitalist class and its government. 

                                                                               Kindness – unkindness

Clare thanked Sir Willoughby for the kindness thinking of her father, mentally analising the kindness, in which at least she found no unkindness, scarcely egoism, though she knew it to be true.    

                                                                               Latching – unlatching

The German major looked obliquely at Yetes, his slender fingers latching and unlatching.

                                                                               Lock – unlock

None went near them, either to lock or unlock.

                                                                               Able – unable

“Suppose i am unable to do the job?” – “Then you wouldn’t be able to cash the note.”

                                                                               Active inactive

The cumulative effect of merely remaining inactive when one ought to be active was terrible.

                                                                               Adequate – inadequate

To pull is to exert a drawing force whether adequate or inadequate; as the fish pull on the line, as dentist pulls a tooth.

                    

                                                                               Advantages– disadvantages

Only much later did Tony attempt to sum up the advantages and disadvantages of his upbringing.

                                                                               Appearing – disappearing

He had a talent for appearing when he was not wanted, and a talent for disappearing when he was wanted.

                                                                              

 Audible – inaudible

Little audible links, they are chaining together great inaudible feelings and purposes.

                                                                               Aware – unaware

If the American was too aware of himself, then this Russian was too unaware of himself.

                                                                               Believe – disbelieve

I am neutral. I don’t believe in ghosts but i don’t disbelieve in them.

                                                                               Calculable – incalculable

All is capria; the calculable world has become incalculable.

                                                                               Clasp – unclasp

As they rode – in complete silence for a while – he hands clasped and unclasped definitely.

                                                                               Сlinch – unclinch

They swayed back clinched together against the gate; then both, as if struck by the same idea unclinched and raised their fists.    

                                                                               Concerned – unconcerned

It concerned her in some way, but she herself was unconcerned, and she slid without effort into the position of mistress of the farm.  

                                                                               Decisive – indecisive

Katherine admired him for it and would always choose him in his decisive moments in preference to an indecisive MacGregor.  

                                                                               Democratic– undemocretic

Of course, there are different forms of capitalist rule. There are constitutional and unconstitutional monarchies, democratic and undemocratic republics, personal, military and fascist dictatorships.  

                                                                      Do – undo

What’s done can’t be undone. 

                                                                        

 Emotional – unemotional

A shrewed observer might have remarked that the emotional temperature rather rose at so unemotional interruption.  

                                                                               Encourage – discourage

Thus, the editorial sought to encourage fascist elements in the community and to discourage all who might fear violence.

                                                                               Worthiness – unworthiness

The sense of unworthiness is a guarantee of the worthiness ensuing.     

                                                                               Free – unfree

In fact, she had felt as she still felt neither free nor unfree. 

                                                                                  

                                                                  Comprehensible–incomprehensible

“Then mr. Rouncewell,” returns Sir Leicester, “ the application of what you have said is to me incomprehensible.” – “Will it be more comprehensible Sir Leicester if i say…”

                                                                               Heroic – unheroic

He ordered early breakfast, and wanted to look at the newspaper, and felt somehow heroic and useful in not looking at it. But there were still crawling and totally unheroic hours of waiting before Dr. Patten returned.   

                                                                               Civilized – uncivilized

Sometimes you think its soft and sometimes sly, and sometimes murderous, and sometimes uncivilized and all the time it’s only civilized.

                                                                               Frequently – infrequently

The curtains were always heavy, frequently brown and infrequently red.

                                                                               Tangible – intagible

And behind this tangible dread there was always that intangible trouble, lurking in the background.

                                                                               Pleasant - unpleasant 

“Really, Barbara, you go on as if religion was a pleasant subject.” – “I don’t find it an unpleasant subject, my dear.”

                                                     

 Likes – dislikes

“Things do last,” cried Fleur “with me anyhow – especially likes and dislikes.”

                                                                               Humorous – unhumorous

He was becoming like Katherine – planning humorous situations at unhumorous moments.

                                                                               Reasonable – unreasonable

Now it seemed one of the most reasonable things in the world that i should have come, and now one of the most unreasonable.

                                                                                      Morality - immorality

Just as one doesn’t mind men practising immorality so long as they own they are in the wrong by preaching morality, so i could forgive Andrew for preaching immorality while practised morality.

                                                                               Adulterated– unadulterated

My products all fresh, pure unadulterated, stamped and correctly weighed… We have never adulterated our opium since that day. 

                                                                              Intelligently–unintelligently

Intelligently or unintelligently, i try to follow the line of self – interest, because as i see it there is no other guide.  

                                                                               Chequered – unchequered

Soams had been her mainstay throughout 34 years chequered by Montegue Darty, had continued her mainstay in the theirteen unchequered years since.

                                                                               Capable – incapable

We agreed we were capable of almost anything and we agreed he was incapable of hurting his master.

                                                                               Mature – immature

His mind is a mature, not an immature one.        

                                                                               Order - disorder

Well, Clara’s not like you. She belongs to the new order or disorder.

                                                                               Selfish – unselfish

The love of a mother for the children is dominant, leonine, selfish and unselfish.

Однако, следует заметить, что не у всех значений одного и того же слова могут быть антонимы.

Agree – v. Из пяти значений только три имеют антонимы:

1.to say “yes”, ex: I asked for a pay rise and she agreed. – refuse.  

2.to have a similar opinion to somebody, ex: I agree with his analysis of the situation. – disagree.

3.to be consisted with something; to match, ex: You account of the affair doesn’t agree with hers. – disagree.

     Broad – adj. Из восьми значений только одно имеет антоним: 1.large in extent from one side to the other, wide, ex: He’s tall, broad and muscular. – thin.

 

     Credit – n. Из семи значений только два имеют антонимы: 1.the state of having money in one’s bank account, ex: I’m about $400 in credit at the moment. – debit.

                                                                                                          2.praise, approval, respect, ex: I can’t take any of the credit – the others did all the work. – discredit.   

     Direct – adj. Из четырех значений только одно имеет антоним: 1.exact, complete, ex: That’s the direct opposite of what you told me yesterday. – indirect.

     Full – adj. Из двух значений только одно имеет антоним: 1.containing as much as possible; completely filled, ex: The cupboard was stuffed full of old newspapers. – empty.

     Hard – adj. Из тринадцати значений только три имеют антонимы: 1.stif and solid and not easy bent or broken, ex: Ground made hard by frost. – soft.

                                                                                                                      2.not feeling or showing affection, pity, etc, ex: They exchanged hard words and went the separate ways. – soft.

                                                                                                                      3.containing calcium and other mineral salts , ex: Our water is very hard. – soft.

     Order – n. Из четырнадцати значений только два имеют антонимы: 1.the state that exists when people obey the laws, rules or authority, ex: The police are trying to restore public order. – disorder.

                                                                                                                         2.the state of being carefully and neatly arranged, ex: Get your ideas into some kind of order before beginning to write. – disorder.

     Black – adj. Из девяти значений только три имеют антонимы:

1.of the very darkest colour, ex: A big black cloud appeared. – white.                                                                                                                           2.without milk, ex: Two black coffees, please. – white.

3.of a race that has dark skin, ex: Many black people emigrated to Britain it the 1950s. – white.

Wet – adj. Из четырех значений только два имеют антонимы:

1.covered or soak with liquid, esp. Water, ex: Her cheeks were wet with tears. – dry.

2.raining, ex: It was the wettest October for many years. – dry.

Остальные значения этого слова не имеют антонимов:

3.recently applied and not yet dry or set.

4.without energy, strenth or courage. 

Active – adj. Из шести значений только два имеют антонимы:

1.doing things; lively, ex: She takes an active part in local politics. -inactive.

2.of the form of a verb whose subject is the person or thing that performs the action (grammar), as in  He was driving the car and the children have eaten the cake. – passive.

               Advance – v. Из шести значений только два имеют антонимы:

1.to move or put somebody/something forward, ex: He advanced his queen to threaten his opponent’s king. – refreat.

2.to move an event forward to an earlier date, ex: The date of meeting has been advanced from 10 to 3 June. – postpone.

               Behind – prep. Из четырех значений только одно имеет антоним:

1.at or towards the back of somebody/something, ex: Who’s the girl standing behind Richard? – in front of.

У остальных значений данного слова нет антонимов:

2.making less progress than somebody/something.

3.giving support to or approval of somebody/something.

4.responsible for starting or developing something.

                 Deep – adj. Из девяти значений только одно имеет антоним:

1.extending a long way from top to bottom, ex: a deep river box. – shallow.

                 Down – adv. Из девяти значений только четыре имеют антонимы:

1.from the upright position to a lower level, ex: He bent down to pick up his gloves.- up.

2.indicating a lower place or state, ex: The bread is on the third shelf down. – up.

3.to be read from top to bottom, not from side to side, ex: I can’t do 3 down. – across.

4.away from a university (Brit), ex: going down at the end of the year. – up.         

                                                                                                           

Dream – n. Из четырех значений только одно имеет антоним:

1.a sequence of scenes and feeling occurring in the mind during sleep, ex: Good night – sweet dreams! – nightmare.

У остальных значений данного слова нет антонимов:

2.a state of mind in which the things happening around one do not seem real.

3.an ambition or idea.

4.a beautiful or wonderful person or thing.

        First – adv. Из четырех значений только одно имеет антоним:

1.before anyone or anything else; at the beginning, ex: I’ll finish my work first. – last.

У остальных значений данного слова антонимов нет:

2.for the first time. else.

3.to begin with.

4.in preference to something

        For – prep.Из семнадцати значений только одно имеет антоним:

1.in defence or support of somebody/something, ex: I’m all for pubs staying open all day. – against.

    

     Особенно широко используются антонимичные пары в пословицах и поговорках, в которых отражен многовековой социально – исторический опыт народа, имеющие устойчивую, лаконичную, ритмически организованную форму и поучительный смысл. Пословицы и поговорки – явление мысли, языка и искусства. Главное в пословицах и поговорках не информация, заложенная в ней, а художественный образ, смысловая двуплановость.

 

      The time passes away but sayings remain.

Время проходит, сказанное остается.

     After a storm comes fair weather, after sorrow comes joy.

После ненастья – вёдро, после горя – радость.

     As you sow, so you reap.

Что посеешь, то и пожнешь.

     Day and night are quickly in flight.

День да ночь – сутки прочь.

     One may make up a soft bed, but still is will be hard to sleep in.

Мягко стелит, да жестко спать.

     You needn’t be afraid of a barking dog, but you should be afraid of a silent dog.

Не бойся собаки брехливой, а бойся молчаливой.

     If youth but knew, if age but could.

Если бы молодость знала, а старость могла бы.

     Better later than never.

Лучше поздно, чем никогда.

     A chain is not stronger than its weakest link.

Цепь некрепче своего самого сильного звена.

     Every flow has it ebb.

У каждого прилива есть отлив.

     An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.

Один час утром стоит двух часов вечером.

     There’d be no good fortune if misfortune hadn’t helped.

Не было бы счастья, да несчастье помогло.

     Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

Не откладывай на завтра то, что можно сделать сегодня.           

  

     Breaking is not making.

Ломать – не делать.

     Keep your moth shut and your ears open.

Держи рот закрытым, а уши открытыми.

     A living dog is better than a dead lion.

Живой пёс лучше мертвого льва.

     Bad luck often brings good luck.

Нет худа без добра.

     One for all and all for one.

Один за всех и все за одного.

     Further you hide it, closer you find it.

Подальше положешь – поближе найдешь.

     The well – fed can’t understand the hungry.

Сытый, голодного не разумеет.

     The morn is wiser than the evening.

Утро вечера мудренее.

     Knowledge is light, ignorance is darkness.

Ученье – свет, а неученье – тьма.

     Expensive and tasty, cheap and nasty.

Дорого, да мило, дешево, да гнило.

     You started speaking with delight and finished with a sorry sight!

Начали за здравие, кончили за упокой.

     Native dogs are fighting here, foreign ones should not interfere.

Свои собаки дерутся, чужие не мешают.

     Old friends are better than new ones.

Старый друг лучше новых двух.

     Greet him according to the clothes, take leave according to what he knows.

По одежке встречают, по уму провожают.

Таким образом, подводя итог главе, можно сказать, что исследование примеров из художественной литературы, подтвердило тот факт, что антонимия действительно является средством выражения категории «противоположность». Мы выяснили, что антонимами могут являться как разнокоренные слова, так и слова, образуемые при помощи отрицательных префиксов и отрицательного аффикса. Кроме того, стал очевиден и тот факт, что не все значения многозначных слов английского языка имеют анонимичную пару.

Заключение.

Итак, мы выяснили, что антонимия, которая понимается как довольно широкий класс семантической корреляции, является средством выражения категории “противоположность”. Антонимия – это явление при котором в лексическом значении слов отражена их противопоставленность друг другу. Главным критерием является постоянное, совместное их использование в контекстах.  Антонимия буквально пронизывает всю речь: от разговорной до самых вершин поэтического и прозаического слова. Однако обычное понимание антонимии предполагают противопоставленность одного из семантических компонентов содержания слова, обозначающих одну и туже сущность. Но, в принципе, возможно и более широкое понимание антонимии, как противопоставления смысловых содержаний слов, обозначающих две разные сущности, не по одному, а по многим семантическим признакам.

                               

 Библиография.

1.Апресян Ю.Д. Лексическая семантика. -М. Наука, 1974.-с.324 – 325.

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11.Комиссаров В.Н. Словарь антонимов современного английского языка. М. Изд – во “Международные отношения”,1964. Сс7 – 18.

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15.Львов М.Р. Словарь антонимов русского языка. М. Рус.язык,1984. Сс9 – 12.

16.Моисеев М.В. Средства выражения категории конверсивности в английском языке.//Вопросы филологии и методики преподавания иностранных языков. Омск,1998. Сс149 – 156.

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18.Родичева Э.И. К проблеме об антонимии.//Семантические и фонологические проблемы прикладной лингвистики. М. Изд – во МГУ,1968. Сс284 – 296.

19.Фролова И.Т. Философский словарь. М. Политиздат,1991. С371.

20.Hornby. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of current English. Oxford University,1995.

21.Шубина О.И. Условия актуализации антонимических отношений.// Систематические взаимодействия языковых единиц. Л,1985. Сс143 – 149.

22.Ярцева В.Н. Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. М. Советская энциклопедия,1995. Сс35;234 – 235.

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