| |||||
МЕНЮ
| КАТЕГОРИЯ ПРОТИВОПОЛОЖНОСТЬ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕp> Gain – loss “Let us weigh the gain and loss,” he quoted, “in wagering that God is, let us entimate these chances. If you gained, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing.” Good – harm He must have been doing more harm than good around here. Give – receive We know what we give, we cannot know what we receive. Guilty – innocent So the law assumed there must be one guilty party, and one innocent party who has been wronged by desertion of the matrimonial bed. Happy – miserable He seemed to think it remarkable that he should be so miserable in axactly the same place where he had once been happy. Heavy – light His head felt empty, light as air; his feet were heavy as lead. Ignorance–knowledge The journey from ignorance to knowledge of an individual student may remain a unique series of events whilst being controlled by a set of fixed rules. Left – right Dora paid grocery bills right and left for two years. Loathe – love If a man and woman sinned, let them go for into the desert to love or loathe each other there. Lose – win Win or lose – nothing worse for public life than private ruction. Never – now This overmastering wish of this – for its fulfilment it was now or never with him! War – peace I do not claim that, even today, the issues of right and wrong, of war and peace are so clear to everyone as they were in my special circumstances. Pleasure – sorrow Whether from pleasure or from sorrow, great tears fell from my stupid eyes on Lorna’s letter. Private – public Yet, Monseigneur had slowly found that vulgar embarrassment crept into his affairs, both private and public. Rise – sink Martin sank or rose to Clif’s buoyancy, while Clif rose or sank to Ancient – modern “That’s the modern views, anyway,” – “According to report the ancient one too.” Annoy – please He began to believe she might be in love with him and the thought was both pleasing and annoying. Artificial – natural He made the most dismal sounds i’ve ever heard produced by any means, natural or artificial. Blessing – curse Still, as i see it, marriage is a very sacred thing and children are a blessing – not a curse. Comedy – tragedy Old – young The sole is born old but grows young. That is the comedy of life. And the body is born young and grows old. That is life’s tragedy. Ashamed – proud I know what love means now, and instead of being ashamed of, i’m proud of it. Fast – slow They sent me down a succession of compact, 9 boys who used to go fast when i wanted to go slow, and slow when i wanted to go fast. Giant – pigmy “So you think your friend in the city will be hard upon me, if i fail a payment?” – says the trooper, looking down upon him like a giant. “My dear friend, i am afraid he will,” – returns the old man looking up at him like a pigmy. Open – close Maida opened ii just wide enough for me to enter, then closed it again quickly. Question – answer “A lot of nice one, eh?” – said Maida, she had the local habit of placing the word “eh” at the end of her remarks, questions and answers alike. Young – old Kathleen was a little younger then me, but looked much older. Man – woman “I’ll say, man” – said Isa, for she also used the common currency, adding “man” to most of the statements she addressed to man and woman alike. Black – white I have no objection to sit down and listen, but i don’t see how than can make black white. Boy – girl “Thomas, if it’s a boy,” – she said “after my uncle. But if it’s a girl i’d like something fancy for a first name.” More – less But she kept eyeing Henry with interest, and the reproachful tone was more or less a routine affair. Come – go The hell with the money: come easy go easy. Clean – dirty She didn’t simply look clean, she looked as if she had never been dirty. Lie – truth And remember, the truth, however ashamed of it you may be, is better than any lie. With - without We must not think of the things we could do with but only of the things that we can’t do without. Love – money Dehn, son – in – law, who had married Pamela – whether for love or money was never quite clear to the widow. Here – there There were ships of mail standing like ghosts in armour, here and there. Near – far Near, far wherever you are, i believe that the heart does go on. Вторая группа антонимов, аффиксальных, образуется при помощи
отрицательных префиксов: un -, который предает глаголу противоположное
значение, существительным, прилагательным и наречиям – отрицательное
значение не; без; in -; (il -; im -; ir -;); dis -, который предает слову
отрицательное значение, указывает на лишение чего – либо, указывает на
разделение, рассеивание в разные стороны; и отрицательного суффикса –less,
который предает слову отрицательное значение.. Willing – unwilling Gordon had made Smith an easy partner in these thefts, not willing and unwilling, but simply an assumed partner. Willing – done, given, etc. readily or enthusiastically. Unwilling – not wanted to do something. В значении слова unwilling содержится отрицательная частица NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами. Happy – unhappy “Sue, i believe you are not happy…” – “Of course, i am!” – she contracted. “How can a woman be unhappy who has only been married eight weeks to a man she chose freely?” Happy – fortunate, lucky. Unhappy – unfortunate; that is or should be regarded. Значение слова unhappy содержит отрицательное слово unfortunate, которое образовалось от fortunate+un, который предает слову отрицательное значение, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами. Honest – dishonest This man Steuer fancied that he was dishonest, and that he, Honest – telling the truth; not lying. Dishonest – not honest. Значение слова dishonest содержит отрицательную частицу NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова будут антонимами. Approve – disapprove Who am i to approve or disapprove? Approve – to feel or believe that somebody/something is good, acceptable or satisfactory. Disapprove – to consider somebody/something to be bad, wrong, foolish. Значения данных слов содержат противоположные семы good и bad, поэтому эти слова являются антонимами. Dependent - independent We’re all really dependent in nearly everything and we make a fuss about being independent in something. Dependent – needing somebody/something in order to live or survive. Independent – not dependent on other people or thing. Значение слова independent содержит отрицательную частицу NOT, которая является элементом образования антонима, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами. Human – inhuman Like – dislike “But why do you like markets and dislike stories?” – “Because markets are human and stories inhuman.” Human – kind, good. Inhuman – lacking normal human qualities of kindness, pity, etc, extremely cruel. Значения данных слов содержат противоположные семы good и cruel, поэтому эти слова являются антонимичной парой. Legal – illegal They rallied the Negro people and their allies against the lynches, legal and illegal. Legal – of, based on or concerned with the law. Illegal – against the law; not legal. Значение слова illegal содержится отрицательная частица NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова будут антонимами. Visible – invisible In the see there are more things invisible, than visible. Visible – that can be seen; in sight. Invisible – that cannot be seen; not visible. Значение слова visible содержит отрицательную частицу NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами. Regular – irregular But these footsteps were so odd that one couldn’t decide them regular or irregular. Regular – done or happening often, frequently. Irregular – not happening, coming, done, etc. regular, varying. Значение слова irregular содержит отрицательную частицу NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова будут антонимами. Coloured – uncoloured On those walls, wherever the eye roved, were prints coloured and uncoloured, old and new, depicting the sports of racing and prize – fighting. Tied – untied People get tied up, and sometimes they stay tied – because they want to stay or because they haven’t the will power to break or others become untied and make a new start. Engage – disengage “How soon will you be disengaged?” “I didn’t say you i was engaged.” Explicable – inexplicable The proposal was monstrous, inexplicable or explicable only by the assumption that his mind, while not unhinged, had temporarily lost its balance. Filial – unfilial “I have seen a good deal of what is filial in my times, Sir,” said Inside – outside And also, he expected that the management demanded of all boys that they look well outside as well as inside the hotel. Just – unjust The A.F. of L. port leaders, as loyal servitors of capitalism, unquestionable support all wars, just or unjust, declared by the capitalist class and its government. Kindness – unkindness Clare thanked Sir Willoughby for the kindness thinking of her father, mentally analising the kindness, in which at least she found no unkindness, scarcely egoism, though she knew it to be true. Latching – unlatching The German major looked obliquely at Yetes, his slender fingers latching and unlatching. Lock – unlock None went near them, either to lock or unlock. Able – unable “Suppose i am unable to do the job?” – “Then you wouldn’t be able to cash the note.” Active inactive The cumulative effect of merely remaining inactive when one ought to be active was terrible. Adequate – inadequate To pull is to exert a drawing force whether adequate or inadequate; as the fish pull on the line, as dentist pulls a tooth. Advantages– disadvantages Only much later did Tony attempt to sum up the advantages and disadvantages of his upbringing. Appearing – disappearing He had a talent for appearing when he was not wanted, and a talent for disappearing when he was wanted. Audible – inaudible Little audible links, they are chaining together great inaudible feelings and purposes. Aware – unaware If the American was too aware of himself, then this Russian was too unaware of himself. Believe – disbelieve I am neutral. I don’t believe in ghosts but i don’t disbelieve in them. Calculable – incalculable All is capria; the calculable world has become incalculable. Clasp – unclasp As they rode – in complete silence for a while – he hands clasped and unclasped definitely. Сlinch – unclinch They swayed back clinched together against the gate; then both, as if struck by the same idea unclinched and raised their fists. Concerned – unconcerned It concerned her in some way, but she herself was unconcerned, and she slid without effort into the position of mistress of the farm. Decisive – indecisive Katherine admired him for it and would always choose him in his decisive moments in preference to an indecisive MacGregor. Democratic– undemocretic Of course, there are different forms of capitalist rule. There are constitutional and unconstitutional monarchies, democratic and undemocratic republics, personal, military and fascist dictatorships.
What’s done can’t be undone. Emotional – unemotional A shrewed observer might have remarked that the emotional temperature rather rose at so unemotional interruption. Encourage – discourage Thus, the editorial sought to encourage fascist elements in the community and to discourage all who might fear violence. Worthiness – unworthiness The sense of unworthiness is a guarantee of the worthiness ensuing. Free – unfree In fact, she had felt as she still felt neither free nor unfree. Comprehensible–incomprehensible “Then mr. Rouncewell,” returns Sir Leicester, “ the application of what you have said is to me incomprehensible.” – “Will it be more comprehensible Sir Leicester if i say…” Heroic – unheroic He ordered early breakfast, and wanted to look at the newspaper, and felt somehow heroic and useful in not looking at it. But there were still crawling and totally unheroic hours of waiting before Dr. Patten returned. Civilized – uncivilized Sometimes you think its soft and sometimes sly, and sometimes murderous, and sometimes uncivilized and all the time it’s only civilized. Frequently – infrequently The curtains were always heavy, frequently brown and infrequently red. Tangible – intagible And behind this tangible dread there was always that intangible trouble, lurking in the background. Pleasant - unpleasant “Really, Barbara, you go on as if religion was a pleasant subject.” – Likes – dislikes “Things do last,” cried Fleur “with me anyhow – especially likes and dislikes.” Humorous – unhumorous He was becoming like Katherine – planning humorous situations at unhumorous moments. Reasonable – unreasonable Now it seemed one of the most reasonable things in the world that i should have come, and now one of the most unreasonable. Morality - immorality Just as one doesn’t mind men practising immorality so long as they own they are in the wrong by preaching morality, so i could forgive Andrew for preaching immorality while practised morality. Adulterated– unadulterated My products all fresh, pure unadulterated, stamped and correctly weighed… We have never adulterated our opium since that day. Intelligently–unintelligently Intelligently or unintelligently, i try to follow the line of self – interest, because as i see it there is no other guide. Chequered – unchequered Soams had been her mainstay throughout 34 years chequered by Montegue Capable – incapable We agreed we were capable of almost anything and we agreed he was incapable of hurting his master. Mature – immature His mind is a mature, not an immature one. Order - disorder Well, Clara’s not like you. She belongs to the new order or disorder. Selfish – unselfish The love of a mother for the children is dominant, leonine, selfish and unselfish. Однако, следует заметить, что не у всех значений одного и того же слова могут быть антонимы. Agree – v. Из пяти значений только три имеют антонимы: 1.to say “yes”, ex: I asked for a pay rise and she agreed. – refuse. 2.to have a similar opinion to somebody, ex: I agree with his analysis of the situation. – disagree. 3.to be consisted with something; to match, ex: You account of the affair doesn’t agree with hers. – disagree. Broad – adj. Из восьми значений только одно имеет антоним: Credit – n. Из семи значений только два имеют антонимы: 1.the state of having money in one’s bank account, ex: I’m about $400 in credit at the moment. – debit. 2.praise, approval, respect, ex: I can’t take any of the credit – the others did all the work. – discredit. Direct – adj. Из четырех значений только одно имеет антоним: Full – adj. Из двух значений только одно имеет антоним: Hard – adj. Из тринадцати значений только три имеют антонимы: 2.not feeling or showing affection, pity, etc, ex: They exchanged hard words and went the separate ways. – soft. 3.containing calcium and other mineral salts , ex: Our water is very hard. – soft. Order – n. Из четырнадцати значений только два имеют антонимы: 2.the state of being carefully and neatly arranged, ex: Get your ideas into some kind of order before beginning to write. – disorder. Black – adj. Из девяти значений только три имеют антонимы: 2.without milk, ex: Two black
coffees, please. – white. Wet – adj. Из четырех значений только два имеют антонимы: Остальные значения этого слова не имеют антонимов: Active – adj. Из шести значений только два имеют антонимы: Advance – v. Из шести значений только два имеют антонимы: Behind – prep. Из четырех значений только одно имеет
антоним: Deep – adj. Из девяти значений только одно имеет антоним: Down – adv. Из девяти значений только четыре имеют
антонимы:
First – adv. Из четырех значений только одно имеет антоним: For – prep.Из семнадцати значений только одно имеет антоним: Особенно широко используются антонимичные пары в пословицах и поговорках, в которых отражен многовековой социально – исторический опыт народа, имеющие устойчивую, лаконичную, ритмически организованную форму и поучительный смысл. Пословицы и поговорки – явление мысли, языка и искусства. Главное в пословицах и поговорках не информация, заложенная в ней, а художественный образ, смысловая двуплановость. The time passes away but sayings remain. Время проходит, сказанное остается. After a storm comes fair weather, after sorrow comes joy. После ненастья – вёдро, после горя – радость. As you sow, so you reap. Что посеешь, то и пожнешь. Day and night are quickly in flight. День да ночь – сутки прочь. One may make up a soft bed, but still is will be hard to sleep in. Мягко стелит, да жестко спать. You needn’t be afraid of a barking dog, but you should be afraid of a silent dog. Не бойся собаки брехливой, а бойся молчаливой. If youth but knew, if age but could. Если бы молодость знала, а старость могла бы. Better later than never. Лучше поздно, чем никогда. A chain is not stronger than its weakest link. Цепь некрепче своего самого сильного звена. Every flow has it ebb. У каждого прилива есть отлив. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. Один час утром стоит двух часов вечером. There’d be no good fortune if misfortune hadn’t helped. Не было бы счастья, да несчастье помогло. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. Не откладывай на завтра то, что можно сделать сегодня. Breaking is not making. Ломать – не делать. Keep your moth shut and your ears open. Держи рот закрытым, а уши открытыми. A living dog is better than a dead lion. Живой пёс лучше мертвого льва. Bad luck often brings good luck. Нет худа без добра. One for all and all for one. Один за всех и все за одного. Further you hide it, closer you find it. Подальше положешь – поближе найдешь. The well – fed can’t understand the hungry. Сытый, голодного не разумеет. The morn is wiser than the evening. Утро вечера мудренее. Knowledge is light, ignorance is darkness. Ученье – свет, а неученье – тьма. Expensive and tasty, cheap and nasty. Дорого, да мило, дешево, да гнило. You started speaking with delight and finished with a sorry sight! Начали за здравие, кончили за упокой. Native dogs are fighting here, foreign ones should not interfere. Свои собаки дерутся, чужие не мешают. Old friends are better than new ones. Старый друг лучше новых двух. Greet him according to the clothes, take leave according to what he knows. По одежке встречают, по уму провожают. Таким образом, подводя итог главе, можно сказать, что исследование
примеров из художественной литературы, подтвердило тот факт, что антонимия
действительно является средством выражения категории «противоположность». Заключение. Итак, мы выяснили, что антонимия, которая понимается как довольно
широкий класс семантической корреляции, является средством выражения
категории “противоположность”. Антонимия – это явление при котором в
лексическом значении слов отражена их противопоставленность друг другу. Библиография. 1.Апресян Ю.Д. Лексическая семантика. -М. Наука, 1974.-с.324 – 325. 2.Булаховский Л.А. Введение в языкознание.-М. Политиздат,1953.- 3.Гегель Г.В.Ф. Наука о логике.-М. Наука,1971.-Т.2,С.64. 4.Головенко Ю.А. Текстоструктуры современного английского языка.- 5.Дубровин Д.Н. Английские и русские пословицы и поговорки.-М.: 6.Есперсен О. Философия грамматики. М. Просвящение,1958. С186. 7.Жиляева М.И. Типология и функции лексических конверсивов.//Автореф. 8.Жукова Н.А. Частица NOT как актуализатор антонимических отношений в
лексике.//Проблемы изучения слова: семантика, структура, форма. Тверь,1990. 9.Зуева Э.В. Конверсивные отношения в лексике современного языка.//Автореф. Дис.конд.филол.наук. М,1980. С10. 10.Зуева Э.В. Конверсивы в художественном тексте.//Функциональные особенности лексики английского языка. Омск, 1986. Сс3 – 9. 11.Комиссаров В.Н. Словарь антонимов современного английского языка. 12.Кондаков Н.И. Логический словарь справочник. М. Наука,1975. С486. 13.Кудрявцева В.А. Конверсные отношения в семантической структуре
деятеля.//Деривация в норме и терминосистемах. Владивосток,1990. Сс153 – 14.Кузьмин С.С. Шадрин Н.И. Русско – английский словарь пословиц и поговорок . Санкт – Петербург. Мик.Лань,1996. 15.Львов М.Р. Словарь антонимов русского языка. М. Рус.язык,1984. Сс9 16.Моисеев М.В. Средства выражения категории конверсивности в английском языке.//Вопросы филологии и методики преподавания иностранных языков. Омск,1998. Сс149 – 156. 17.Москальская О.И. Семантическая парадигматика и деривация. 18.Родичева Э.И. К проблеме об антонимии.//Семантические и
фонологические проблемы прикладной лингвистики. М. Изд – во МГУ,1968. Сс284 19.Фролова И.Т. Философский словарь. М. Политиздат,1991. С371. 20.Hornby. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of current English. 21.Шубина О.И. Условия актуализации антонимических отношений.// 22.Ярцева В.Н. Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. М. Советская энциклопедия,1995. Сс35;234 – 235.
|
ИНТЕРЕСНОЕ | |||
|