Стилистический компонент слова и его лексикографическое отражение

Эмотивная коннотация может в словарях указываться при помощи таких

помет как: шутл., бран., иронич., почтит. и т.п.

nigger - taboo derog

petite - apprec

bibulous - humor or pomp

При этом не следует забывать, что эмотивная коннотация входит в

стилистический компонент слова, следовательно, слова с такими пометами

будут стилистически маркированными.

Здесь можно выделить два основных типа помет:

словарные пометы (сюда мы отнесем пометы, указывающие территориальные

различия);

стилистические пометы (указывающие стиль, эмоциональное отношение и т.д.).

Оба типа помет в совокупности отражают стилистический компонент.

В следующих параграфах мы рассмотрим стилистические маркеры

(маркированность стилистического компонента) в словарях разного типа, а

также рассмотрим разнообразие стилистического маркирования в словаре

английского языка и культуры, Лонгман (LDELC)

2. Stylistic Notations In The Dictionaries Of Different Types

As it was marked in the previous part Stylistic component is

represented in Dictionaries by means of stylistical natations (labels). It

would be interesting to follow how the dictionaries of different types

treat the stylistic notations.

To have a good idea of such a treatment we have analysed six

dictionaries: three of which are English-English Dictionaries & the other

three are bilingual English-Russian dictionaries.

Stylistic notation depends on which stylistic layer of the language

this or that word belongs to. This is why it is necessary to give a view of

stylistic layers in the English Language and the stylistic notations in

juxtaposition with layers made by Galperin I.R. 1977); & than to analyse

how the dictionaries (used in the diploma paper - see Bibliography) use

the stylistic notations to denote stylistic overtones, stylistic

characterization of the word according to the classification suggested by

Galperin I .R.

Some lexicographers have a view that stylistic notations are important

for defining dictionaries only & are of little value in bilingual

dictionaries, where the translation must reflect the peculiarities of the

word . But this point of view is rather questionable, because experience

proves otherwise.

A great number of errors is made by the user, whose knowledge of the

language is inadequate, when using stylistically coloured words, very often

the user misunderstands the mo tivation behind the use of stylistic

overtones. It is quite natural to affirm, that both Russian and English

users should be made aware of stylistic peculiarities of each word, and the

more detailed such information is the more useful the dictionary will be.

A stylistic classification of the notations represented in the ERD by

Galperin seems to reflect to a great extend the mobility of the lexical

system so characteristic of the English language at its present stage of

development

The vocabulary has been divided into two ba sic groups: standard and

non-standard vocabulary . The standard vocabulary of Modem English falls

into three large layers

1. neutral vocabulary

2. literal vocabulary of a general ch aracter

3. colloquial vocabulary of a general character

All words with the exception of the neutral vocabulary are lab eled

(though as it wa s considered in the previous part the stylistic component

can be hidden in the semantical structure of the word, in its very

meaning).

Literary-bookish vocabulary can further be divided into smaller groups:

common literary vocabulary (a part of Standard English), special literary

-bookish words

Thus we may distinguish the following groups of the vocabulary (or

layers):

1. Special literary-bookish words which are labeled in the

dictionaries;

poetical words

poet bibl pomp emph rhеt миф библ возвыш ритор

archaic words

obs arch old use old-fash уст ист nonce words

2 Common literary vocabulary - fml lit

terms

tdmk tech chem bacterial etnol спец тех

foreignisms (barbarisms) Fr It Germ фр ит.

3. Common colloquial vocabulary infml paзг

This three belong to the Standard English Vocabulary.

4. Special colloquial vocabulary (non-literal) belongs to the non

-standard English vocabulary and fall s into subgroups:

Professionalisms naut med спорт.

Slang sl.

Dialectical words dial прост.

Jurgon жарг вор жарг

Vulgar вульг груб презрен derog vulgar

offensive taboo

Nonce words fig humor joc.

5.Non- standard colloquial words are unstable. But it is impossible to

draw a hard-&-fast line between common literary vocabulary & special

literary-bookish vocabulary, because the words tend to shift from one layer

to the other. The same is true of the common colloquial vocabulary which

penetrates into the neutral layer & is not impervious to intru sion from

the non-literary layer.

There are different degrees of bookishness & colloquialness: the words

marked fml lit may be found bordering on neutral vocabulary or lying so

far from the neutral layer as to be quite incomprehensible to the average

reader. The same is true of words marked infml which may either pass into

the neutral layer or linger on the fringe of the non-literary layer of the

vocabulary.

The notation sl (slang) is mainly used in the English-English

dictionaries ( in English and American dictionaries) & label the words

according to their character & the way they function, in the bilingual

dictionaries this label is rarely used, because of its ill-defined &

uncertain definition (meaning & understanding of the term).

It is necessary to mention other stylistic notations which are used to

identify the emotional meanings of the words rather than usage. These are:

эмоц-усил (emotional-intensive), ирон (ironical), усил. (intensive),

шут. (jocular), презр. (contemptuous), груб. (vulgar or law),paзг- груб

(low colloquial), humor, derog., вежл ,ласк.

The words labeled фр, лат, AustrE, Germ, Fr are used to indicate that

the word has not lost its foreign aspect or that its use is geographically

limited.

The conclusion comes that bilingual as well as explanatory dictionaries

should not only give definitions of words but should indicate their usage,

emotional meanings & geographical limits.

But at the same time it should be mentioned that though practically in

all the dictionaries the stylistical notations (labels) are presented

according to the layers existed in the language, the treatment of the

stylistic notations by the authors of the dictionaries differs. There is no

single system of labels that would satisfy all the dictionaries & the

analyses of the stylistic notations in the six dictionaries confirm it.

(Appendix VII)

As it was considered already the LERD gives the styligtical notations

(labels) according to the stylistic classification of the word -stock of

the English Language. The ERD doesn't give any classification of the labels

that are used in it And ER&RED doesn't give any classification of the

labels either, All the English-English Dictionaries give the kinds of

classifications of stylistical notation according to the author's treatment

this stylistical phenomena.

LDELC represents the types of labels used in it in the following

groups. (Apendix I)

1 . Labels showing region, denoting words which are limited to

particular parts of the world.

ВrЕ.AmE СапЕ CarE IrE AustrE SafrE IndE&ParE NZE ScotE.

Here belong labels that denote words borrowed from other languages

(barbarisms, foreignisms): .

Fr Germ Jf Lat Sp

2. Labels showing special fields or subjects, denoting words that are

used in certain fields of activity or certain types of writing ,

bibl — used mainly in the Bible

law — legal term—used in contracts, courts of law

lit - used mainly in literature

med - medical term used by doctors, nurses etc.

naut - nautical term - used by sailors

poet - used mainly in poetry

tech — technical term - used by specialists in various fields

As we can see the labels of this group include common literary

vocabulary (terms) & special literal vocabulary ( Poetical words).

3. Labels showing situations in which words are used, denoting words

which would only be suitable in certain types of situation. infml fml

sl.

These labels deal with common literary vocabulary & common colloquial

vocabulary, & with a particular group of words which is considered to be

slang & which is difficult to juxtapose with any layer of the English

Language because of the uncertain definition of the term slang , LDELC

suggests the following definition:

SLANG - very informal, rarely used in writing , used especially in the

private language of particular social groups.

Though we may consider slang as a layer of nonstandard (special

colloquial vocabulary - non-literary) close to jargonisms & vulgarisms,

professionalisms. Judging by Galperin's point of view this type is typical

more of the English Language.

4. Labels showing time, denoting words which are no longer used in

modem English (though they will be found in old books) & some of the

words beginning to be used less often.

old-fash - no longer common , used mainly by older people

old use — no longer u sed

rare or becoming rare — rarely used, or beginning to be used less

often . This group of labels serve special literary vocabulary (mainly

archaic)

5 . Labels showing attitude

apprec. - shows that the speaker likes or approves of something

derog — derogatory — shows that the speaker dislikes or disapproves of

something

euph - euphemistic - a polite or indirect word for something

unpleasant or embarrassing

humor — shows a joking or ironic attitude

pomp - shows a foolishy self-important attitude

These labels mainly serve to identify positive or negative connotation

of the word, that is why we may suppose that all these labels can be found

both in common literary & common colloquial vocabularies, as well as in the

group of nonstandard words.

6. Labels showing limitations on use

dial — a word belonging to the local speech of a particular area

nonstandard — a word regarded as incorrect by most educated speakers

taboo — a very offensive word which should always be avoided

tdmk - a trademark, whose use is officially controlled

These labels serve mainly special colloquial vocabulary the label

nonstandard differs from the notion that the layer nonstandard has, because

both dial and taboo belong to nonstandard, though from the other hand, from

the educated point of view of the words with labels taboo & dial. may be

regarded as incorrect. The label tdmk may be treated as a special term &

thus may belong to common literary vocabulary. As the analyses shows the

classification of the labels accepted in this dictionary is not exact and

needs more consideration, though the labels themselves are quite suitable

to show stytistical characterization & stylistical overtones.The variety

of labels used in LDELC we shall consider farther in the third part.

OALED suggests a bit different grouping of the stylistic notations

(Appendix II)

1. Currency, labels denoting words which are not used or used by some

older speaker s & some words that are found mainly in books written in the

first half of thi s century: dated archaic.

2. Region, labels denoting words which restricted to one country or

area

Brit US Scot S.African Austr NZ

Here belongs dial - the label that refers to words & meanings that are

restricted to particular regions of the British Isles not including

Scotland & Ireland. So this very dictionary uses the label dial mainly as

territorial characteristic of British Isles, though still belonging to

special colloquial vocabulary.

3. Register, labels denoting words which must be used with particular

care because they reflect a special relatioship between the speakers or a

special occasion or setting (which could vary from an official ceremony to

a relaxed meeting between friends)

! - denotes words or meanings likely to be thought offencive or

shocking or indecert. (though not necessarily by eveyone or on every

occasion)

In LDELC they use the label

taboo to denote such a group of words to show limitations on use.

sl -this label denotes a group of words inventive & often colourful

items generally used in a very informal spoken context. Such an item

usually belongs to or originate in the language of a particular social or

occupation group (e.g. soldiers, nurses, prisoner s).

In LDELC this label has practically the same meaning but is found in

the other group of labels which deals with the situations and often this

label is used with the label taboo infml - denotes informal words &

meanings, i.e. those indicating a close personal relationship & an

unofficial occasion or getting

fml - denotes formal words & meanings , i.e. those chosen when

speaking or writing in a serious or an official context to someone who is

not a close friend or relation. These labels are grouped together with the

label sl in LDELC.

rhet - rhetorical items are associated with writing or speech on seri

ous or elevated themes, especially on very formal occasions. the use of

such words elsewhere suggests a self-consciously pompous speaker or

writer.

There is no such a label in LDELC, but this very label juxtapose with

the label rhet in LERD & ERD. Thus we may infer that this group of labels

denote the words belonging to practically all the layers of the word-stock

of the English Language.(Appendix IV,VI).

4. Evaluation, labels denoting a particular attitude towards the

person, thing or action referred to.

derog - that one desapprovse of or scorns the person or thing referred

to or described by those.

approv - the opposite of derogatory ones, they suggest approval of or

admiration for the thing or person referred to or described.

offensive - words to address or refer to people usually with the

delibarate intention of their race or religion

euph - to refer to something unpleasant or painful in a pleasant

(because more indirect) way.

In LDELC the label derog is opposed to the label apprec & there is no

such a label as approv . The label offensive is not presented in this

dictionary.

iron - the label denotes words that are intended to convey a sense

opposite to the apparent sense.

fig - a figurative sense of a word is a non -literal (often

metaforical) sense which can be related by native speakers to an original

in the past, but it is no longer perceived, the label is not u sed.

The label iron is not given in LDELC, the label fig though represented

in this dictionary, is not considered as the stylistical one.

joc - label, denoting words which are considered to be funny,

whethergrim or innocent humor is meant. This label is close to humor LDELC

though they are still different,

sexsist - label denotes words that express (sometimes uncontious)

discriminatory or patronizing attitude towards someone of the opposite

sex. They are almost always words used by men about or to women & can be

used to express approval in a man-to-man context

Thi s label is rather new and modern and it is connected with the

woman's movement. In LDELC this label is absent.

5. Technical fields - words & meanings which are normaly confined to

technical use botany

chemistry

architecture

law physics

medical art

anat my cinema or TV

grammar computing

music

The terms covering the technical fields are more wildely represented in

OALED than in LDELC. In LDELC we find the labels law, med, naut, tech,

denoting the technical fields & belonging to the group, which shows special

fields or subjects. The label tech covers all the labels which are not

represented in LDELC, but are widly used in OALED.

If the classifications of labels in LDELC & OALED are close to each

other somehow, we can't say the same of WNCD. This Dictionary

differentiate three types of status labels. They are temporal, regional &

stylistic. The stylistic labels are con sidered here as a signal that a

word or a sense of a word is not part of the standard vocabulary of English

.(Appendix III)

1 . The temporal label

obs - for obsolete - means that there i s no evidence of use since

1755.

archaic - means that a word or sense once in common use is found today

only sporadically or in special contexts. The label obs is not used

neither in LDELC nor in OALED.

Galperin I.R. gives the following definition of the word obsolete - is

a group of archaic words that have already gone completely out of use bu t

are still recogni zed by the English -speaking community,

2. Regional labels denote words which are limited in use to a specif ic

region of the US. The labels here correspond loosely to one of the areas

defined in Hans Kurath's Word Geography of the Ea stern United States.

The adverb chiefly presents a label when the word has some currency outside

the specified region & a double label is used to indicate considerable

currency in each of two specific regions.

NewEng South chiefly North Southwest West Midland

Northaest.

Words current in all regions of the US have no labels.

A word or meaning limited in use to one of the other countries of the

English -speaking world has an appropriate regional label. It is explained

by the fact that the Dictionary is based mainly on American English.

chiefly Scot Irish Austr SoAfr Brit Canad.

dial - this label belongs to this very group & indicates that the

pattern of use of a word or a meaning is too complex for summary labeling,

it usually includes several regional varieties of American English o r of

American & British English.

dial Brit - indicates currency in several dialects of the British

commonwealth; it indicates currency in one or more provincial dialects of

England.

3. Stylistic labels

sl. - is used with words or meanings that are especially appropriate

in contexts of extreme informality, that usually have a currency not

limited to a particular region or area of interest, & that are composed

typically of shortened forms or extravagant or facetious figures of speech.

non-standard - is used for a few words or meanings that are

dissaproved by many but that have some currency in reputable contexts.

substandard — is used for those words or meanings that conform to a

widespread pattern of usage that differs in choice of word or form f rom

that of the prestige group of the community,

These labels given in WNCD differentiate two main groups of the word

-stock of the English Language (which were considered above). But they

don't point out all the peculiarities of the word, its stylistical

overtones.

In LDELC & OALED these two groups are represented by a number of

specific labels which give a more exact description of the words

peculiarities & usage. But at the same time there is "a subject label or

guide phrase" that is used to indicate

n the specific application of a word or meaning a criptology, a

timepiece

n denoting terms (technical field) usage, which is introdused by a

lightface dash

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